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Lön och inkomst

Lön och inkomst har en avgörande betydelse för anställningsförhållanden och livskvalitet. Frågan har fått ännu mer uppmärksamhet på EU-nivå på grund av krisens ekonomiska följder, och i samhället överlag.

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Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter anger EU:s åtaganden när det gäller löner: arbetstagarnas rätt till rättvisa löner som tillåter en skälig levnadsstandard; tillräckliga minimilöner; motverka fattigdom bland förvärvsarbetande.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound rapporterar regelbundet om olika aspekter gällande lön och inkomst mot bakgrund av de skiftande ekonomiska omständigheterna runt om i Europa.

Löneövervakning

Genom sitt europeiska centrum för övervakning av arbetslivet (EurWORK) sammanställer Eurofound en mängd information om löner. Den regelbundna rapporteringen genererar en längre serie observationer om lön enligt kollektivavtal, så att trender kan övervakas. Eurofound publicerar regelbundet uppdateringar om lagstadgad minimilön och lön enligt kollektivavtal. Eurofound övervakar även utvecklingen på nationell nivå när det gäller lönesättningsmekanismer, lika lön, rörlig lön, låg lön och lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män.

De arbetslivsrelaterade landsprofilerna innehåller information om löner på nationell nivå och uppdateras regelbundet. EurWORK sköter två databaser med löneuppgifter (se resurserna nedan).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) bedömer förändringar i sysselsättningen per jobb, enligt flera olika kvalitativa mätningar, bland annat lön. Övervakningsfunktionen bidrar i synnerhet till vår kunskap om fenomenet sysselsättningspolarisering – alltså att sysselsättningstillväxten sannolikt är större högst upp och längst ner i lönefördelningen än i mitten.

Data från undersökningar

I Eurofounds undersökningar övervakas också lönevillkoren inom EU. Lön är avgörande för Eurofounds forskning om att bedöma kvalitet i arbetet. I den europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) är inkomst en av sju indikatorer på kvalitet i arbetet. I EWCS rapporterar man också om lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män. Utforska EWCS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

I undersökningen av livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) övervakas hur inkomst påverkar levnadsstandarden och hur inkomstskillnader har en koppling till social sammanhållning och välmående. I undersökningen analyseras det hur krisen har påverkat familjer, genom att titta på låginkomstfamiljer, hushållsskuld och grupper som riskerar att drabbas av fattigdom. I EQLS samlas även information om inkomst vid pension och alternativ för att förlänga arbetslivet. Utforska EQLS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

Europeiska företagsundersökningen (ECS) behandlar användningen av system med rörlig lön vid företag, liksom andelen anställda vid dessa företag vars lön styrs av kollektivavtal. Undersökningen gör det möjligt att koppla ihop informationen om rörlig lön och löneförhandlingar med information om arbetsorganisation, personalförvaltning, direkt deltagande av anställda och social dialog, samt med resultat och välmående på arbetsplatsen.

Key outputs

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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Den här rapporten innehåller en undersökning av fördelningen av hushållsförmögenheten i EU:s medlemsstater och en analys av förmögenhetens roll för den sociala rörligheten. Rapporten bygger på data från tre datauppsättningar...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i många länder var det i många fall inte tillräckligt för att upprätthålla arbetstagarnas köpkraft. På grundval av

29 June 2023

Bostäder till oöverkomliga priser är ett stort bekymmer i EU. Det leder till hemlöshet, otrygga bostadsförhållanden, ekonomiska påfrestningar och undermåliga bostäder. Det är också ett hinder för unga människor när det gäller att flytta hemifrån. Dessa problem påverkar människors hälsa och

30 May 2023

Covid-19-pandemin fick olika konsekvenser för olika samhällsgrupper, beroende på befintliga skillnader i förutsättningar, och det har allmänt ansetts att den ledde till att ojämlikheten ökade på olika områden i livet. Med hjälp av indikatorer från EU:s ram för övervakning av flerdimensionella

24 January 2023

Denna rapport genomförs inom ramen för det treåriga pilotprojektet (2021–2023) ”Minimilönens roll vid inrättandet av en allmän arbetsgaranti” som Europeiska kommissionen har gett Eurofound i uppdrag att genomföra. Fokus ligger på modul 3 i projektet, där man undersöker minimilöner och andra

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Efter att återhållsamhet iakttagits vid förhandlingarna om minimilöner för 2021 ökade de nominella minimilönerna för 2022 markant i takt med att de negativa följderna av pandemin minskade och ekonomin och arbetsmarknadssituationen förbättrades. I samband med detta höjdes minimilönerna i 20 av de 21

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 mars 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 november 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januari 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 juli 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 april 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februari 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 juni 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 februari 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to

3 november 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries

23 juni 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 mars 2017

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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