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Lön och inkomst

Lön och inkomst har en avgörande betydelse för anställningsförhållanden och livskvalitet. Frågan har fått ännu mer uppmärksamhet på EU-nivå på grund av krisens ekonomiska följder, och i samhället överlag.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 januari 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

Den europeiska pelaren för sociala rättigheter anger EU:s åtaganden när det gäller löner: arbetstagarnas rätt till rättvisa löner som tillåter en skälig levnadsstandard; tillräckliga minimilöner; motverka fattigdom bland förvärvsarbetande.

Eurofounds arbete

Eurofound rapporterar regelbundet om olika aspekter gällande lön och inkomst mot bakgrund av de skiftande ekonomiska omständigheterna runt om i Europa.

Löneövervakning

Genom sitt europeiska centrum för övervakning av arbetslivet (EurWORK) sammanställer Eurofound en mängd information om löner. Den regelbundna rapporteringen genererar en längre serie observationer om lön enligt kollektivavtal, så att trender kan övervakas. Eurofound publicerar regelbundet uppdateringar om lagstadgad minimilön och lön enligt kollektivavtal. Eurofound övervakar även utvecklingen på nationell nivå när det gäller lönesättningsmekanismer, lika lön, rörlig lön, låg lön och lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män.

De arbetslivsrelaterade landsprofilerna innehåller information om löner på nationell nivå och uppdateras regelbundet. EurWORK sköter två databaser med löneuppgifter (se resurserna nedan).

Eurofounds European Jobs Monitor (EJM) bedömer förändringar i sysselsättningen per jobb, enligt flera olika kvalitativa mätningar, bland annat lön. Övervakningsfunktionen bidrar i synnerhet till vår kunskap om fenomenet sysselsättningspolarisering – alltså att sysselsättningstillväxten sannolikt är större högst upp och längst ner i lönefördelningen än i mitten.

Data från undersökningar

I Eurofounds undersökningar övervakas också lönevillkoren inom EU. Lön är avgörande för Eurofounds forskning om att bedöma kvalitet i arbetet. I den europeiska undersökningen om arbetsvillkor (EWCS) är inkomst en av sju indikatorer på kvalitet i arbetet. I EWCS rapporterar man också om lönegapet mellan kvinnor och män. Utforska EWCS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

I undersökningen av livskvaliteten i Europa (EQLS) övervakas hur inkomst påverkar levnadsstandarden och hur inkomstskillnader har en koppling till social sammanhållning och välmående. I undersökningen analyseras det hur krisen har påverkat familjer, genom att titta på låginkomstfamiljer, hushållsskuld och grupper som riskerar att drabbas av fattigdom. I EQLS samlas även information om inkomst vid pension och alternativ för att förlänga arbetslivet. Utforska EQLS interaktiva datavisualiseringsverktyg.

Europeiska företagsundersökningen (ECS) behandlar användningen av system med rörlig lön vid företag, liksom andelen anställda vid dessa företag vars lön styrs av kollektivavtal. Undersökningen gör det möjligt att koppla ihop informationen om rörlig lön och löneförhandlingar med information om arbetsorganisation, personalförvaltning, direkt deltagande av anställda och social dialog, samt med resultat och välmående på arbetsplatsen.

Key outputs

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Den årliga översynen av minimilöner för 2023 utarbetades mot bakgrund av en aldrig tidigare skådad inflation i Europa. Även om detta ledde till kraftiga ökningar av de nominella lönerna i...

29 juni 2023
Publication
Research report
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Den här rapporten innehåller en undersökning av fördelningen av hushållsförmögenheten i EU:s medlemsstater och en analys av förmögenhetens roll för den sociala rörligheten. Rapporten bygger på data från tre datauppsättningar...

30 mars 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

Disclaimer: Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.Syftet med denna rapport är att bedöma covid-19-krisens inledande effekter på sysselsättningen i Europa (fram till andra kvartalet 2020), inklusive dess konsekvenser för olika

11 March 2021

Closing gender gaps in the labour market by achieving the equal participation of women is among the key objectives of the new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Despite significant progress in reducing the gender employment gap, it has stagnated over the past few years. Moreover, segregation in

09 December 2020

The EU strives for the upward convergence of its Member States, where their performance improves and gaps between them decrease. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, the COVID-19 crisis has again put this objective under pressure. This policy brief focuses on convergence in material well-being

08 December 2020

The uneven impact of the 2008–2013 economic crisis on Member States brought upward convergence to the fore in EU political debates. The focus was on orienting social policy towards getting the EU back on track, as encapsulated in the European Pillar of Social Rights. However, the meaning of the conc

30 September 2020

This report presents the findings of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s

28 September 2020

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

Under bara några veckor har covid-19-pandemin som orsakats av det nya coronaviruset radikalt förändrat människors liv världen över. Covid-19-pandemin har förutom förödande följder för hälsan hos personer som direkt drabbas av viruset även fått omfattande konsekvenser för sättet att leva och arbeta

06 May 2020

This report addresses the problem of household over-indebtedness, which is broadly defined as being unable to make payments related to regular commitments.

12 March 2020

This report maps developments in the size of the middle class in the EU between 2004 and 2015 using Eurostat’s SILC survey, and analyses life satisfaction by income quartile (using Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Surveys). Before the crisis, the middle classes had expanded in around two-thirds

30 October 2019

In most EU Member States, reviews of the statutory minimum wage rates spark a great deal of public interest. Such reviews affect the wider workforce, beyond those workers on the statutory minimum wage. Pay rates in collective agreements may be adapted in response to an increase in the minimum wage

04 June 2019

Online resources results (888)
In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.
4 mars 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022
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First responses to cushion the impact of inflation on citizens

Although the worldwide pandemic situation had already disrupted supply chains and triggered increases in energy and food prices in 2021, the situation deteriorated in 2022 with the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Governments throughout the EU had already started to intervene with policy measures in a


Blogs results (22)
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Following a sluggish response by many Member States to introduce or modify gender pay transparency measures, as it recommended in 2014, the European Commission intends to table a proposal for EU-level legislation on pay transparency later in 2020. In this context, a new Eurofound study investigated

6 november 2020
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As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

15 januari 2020
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The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although

17 juli 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 april 2019
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februari 2019
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 juni 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 februari 2018
Pay inequalities come back into focus in post-crisis Europe

The ability to make ends meet is a vital issue for many Europeans and an important priority for European policymakers. In the immediate aftermath of the 2008 economic crisis the initial focus was to mitigate and reverse job loss, particularly in the countries most affected. With employment back to

3 november 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries

23 juni 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 mars 2017

Upcoming publications results (2)

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (4)

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