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Salario e ingresos

El salario y los ingresos son fundamentales para las relaciones laborales y la calidad de vida. Esta cuestión ha recibido todavía más atención a nivel de la Unión Europea debido a los acontecimientos provocados por la crisis sobre la economía y la sociedad en su conjunto.

Topic

Recent updates

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In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and...

26 Enero 2024
Publication
Research report

EU context

El pilar europeo de derechos sociales establece los compromisos de la Unión Europea en materia de salarios: el derecho de los trabajadores a salarios justos que proporcionen un nivel de vida digno, la garantía de un salario mínimo adecuado y la necesidad de evitar la pobreza de los ocupados.

La labor de Eurofound

Eurofound informa periódicamente sobre diversos aspectos de los salarios y los ingresos, a la luz de las cambiantes circunstancias económicas en Europa.

Supervisión de los salarios

A través de su Observatorio Europeo de la Vida Laboral (EurWORK), Eurofound reúne una serie de datos sobre salarios. La naturaleza periódica de la elaboración de informes da lugar a una serie mayor de observaciones sobre salarios convenidos, de modo que se pueda realizar un seguimiento de las tendencias. Eurofound publica periódicamente actualizaciones por tema sobre salarios mínimos legales y salarios convenidos colectivamente. También supervisa los avances a nivel nacional en relación con los mecanismos de fijación de salarios, la igualdad salarial, los salarios variables, los salarios bajos y la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres.

Los perfiles nacionales de la vida laboral contienen información sobre los salarios a nivel nacional, y son actualizados de forma periódica. EurWORK mantiene dos bases de datos sobre salarios (véanse los recursos más abajo).

El Observatorio Europeo del Empleo de Eurofound (EJM) evalúa los cambios en el empleo por puesto de trabajo, en función de diversas medidas cualitativas, entre las que se incluyen los salarios. En particular, el EJM contribuye a que se conozca el fenómeno de la polarización del empleo, es decir, hasta qué punto es probable que el crecimiento del empleo sea mayor en los tramos más alto y más bajo de la distribución salarial que en el tramo intermedio.

Datos de encuestas

Las encuestas de Eurofound también supervisan las condiciones salariales en la Unión. Los salarios son un elemento central de las investigaciones de Eurofound para valorar la calidad del empleo. En la Encuesta europea sobre las condiciones de trabajo (EWCS), los salarios son uno de los siete indicadores de la calidad del empleo. El EWCS también elabora informes sobre la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EWCS.

La Encuesta europea sobre la calidad de vida (EQLS) supervisa el impacto de los ingresos sobre las condiciones de vida, y cómo la desigualdad de los ingresos está relacionada con la cohesión social y el bienestar. Examina también cómo ha afectado la crisis a las familias, analizando familias de bajos ingresos, la deuda contraída para atender a las necesidades familiares y los grupos en riesgo de pobreza. La EQLS reúne también información sobre ingresos en la jubilación y opciones para ampliar la vida laboral. Explore la herramienta interactiva de visualización de datos de la EQLS.

La Encuesta europea de empresas (ECS) refleja el uso de sistemas de salario variable en establecimientos, así como la cobertura de los empleados de esos establecimientos a través de convenios salariales colectivos. La encuesta permite vincular la información sobre salarios variables y negociación salarial con información sobre organización del trabajo, gestión de recursos humanos, participación directa de los empleados y diálogo social, así como rendimiento y bienestar en el lugar de trabajo.

Key outputs

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La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de...

29 Junio 2023
Publication
Research report
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El presente informe analiza la distribución de la riqueza de los hogares en los Estados miembros de la UE y analiza el papel de la riqueza en la movilidad social...

30 Marzo 2021
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (123)

In this pilot project, Eurofound successfully established the feasibility of, and piloted, an EU-wide database of minimum pay rates contained in collective agreements related to low-paid workers. A conceptual and measurement framework was devised, a total of 692 collective agreements – related to 24

26 January 2024

The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

18 October 2023

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

La revisión anual de los salarios mínimos de 2023 se elaboró en el contexto de una inflación sin precedentes en toda Europa. Aunque esto dio lugar a fuertes aumentos de los salarios nominales en muchos países, en bastantes casos no fue suficiente para mantener el poder adquisitivo de los

29 June 2023

La inasequibilidad de la vivienda es un problema que suscita gran preocupación en la UE. Su trasunto son las personas sin techo, la inseguridad asociada a la vivienda, la presión financiera y los hábitats inadecuados. También impide que los jóvenes abandonen el hogar familiar. Estos problemas

30 May 2023

La pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo diferentes repercusiones en los grupos sociales, en función de las desventajas existentes, y en general se considera que desencadenó un aumento de las desigualdades en diferentes ámbitos de la vida. A partir de los indicadores del marco de seguimiento de la desigualdad

24 January 2023

El presente informe se lleva a cabo en el contexto del proyecto piloto trienal (2021-2023), «El papel del salario mínimo en el establecimiento de la Garantía Laboral Universal», encargado a Eurofound por la Comisión Europea. Se centra en el módulo 3 del proyecto, en el que se analizan los salarios

30 November 2022

The EU Presidency of Czechia organised a high-level conference in October 2022 on ‘Tackling energy poverty: EU approach & sharing best practices’. The event aimed to bring different actors together in order to strengthen the dialogue on possible solutions on how to further tackle energy poverty in

28 October 2022

In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

07 September 2022

Tras una prudente ronda de fijación del salario mínimo para 2021, las tasas nominales aumentaron significativamente en 2022, a medida que las consecuencias negativas de la pandemia se relajaban y mejoraban las economías y los mercados laborales. En este contexto, 20 de los 21 Estados miembros de la

15 June 2022

Online resources results (888)
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Minimum wages in 2022: Bigger hikes this time around

The first overview of minimum wage setting for 2022 shows that, while some negotiations are still ongoing, virtually all EU Member States have increased their nominal statutory rates. Compared to last year, when most countries settled for cautious increases against a background of deep uncertainty

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Impact of the COVID-19 crisis on wages and wage setting

The COVID-19 crisis had a significant impact on wages and wage setting across Europe in 2020. The uncertain economic scenario, together with the difficulties inherent in online bargaining, led to a general postponement of collective agreements to 2021, especially at company level. Real wages

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Wages in long-term care and other social services 21% below average

New data from the EU Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) show that, on average, EU Member States paid their social services workers 21% less than the average national hourly earnings in 2018: this compares with 19% less than the average in 2010 and 20% less in 2014. The majority of social services

Living, working and COVID-19: Impact on gender equality 11 March 2021, European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) virtual meeting Presentation by Maria Jepsen, Acting Executive Director, Eurofound

22 Marzo 2021
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Member States are dawdling on gender pay transparency

The gender pay gap in gross hourly earnings in the EU was 14.8% in 2018. To help combat discriminatory pay practices by employers, the European Commission recommended in 2014 the introduction of pay transparency measures in all Member States. But more than half still have not implemented any such

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EU seeks views on the minimum wage

Against a background of growing polarisation, it is worth remembering the model of social dialogue that allows us each year to debate and reach thousands of agreements that start from different and distant positions and interests.

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To have or have not: A statutory minimum wage

​​​​​​​Cyprus and Italy are currently considering the introduction of a universal minimum wage floor by law. With this move, they would be joining 22 other EU Member States that already have one in place. In the remaining Member States – Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden – and in Norway, too

Latvia: latest working life developments Q2 2018

A new agreement on overtime pay, a warning about the power balance between employers and employees, an increase in wages and a workforce deficit are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Latvia in the second quarter of

United Kingdom: latest working life developments Q2 2018

The social partners’ joint statement on the risk of a no-deal Brexit risk, launch of the first labour market enforcement strategy and a record low for workers’ strikes are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in


Blogs results (22)

The housing crisis could be tackled by improving public services, better urban planning and ensuring that social protection benefits reach the people who need them most.

2 Mayo 2024
A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

17 Enero 2023
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Rising energy prices are putting more people under increased financial pressure and at greater risk of energy poverty. In this data story, we take a closer look at the data from the fifth round of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey to explore the extent of the issue and the threat of energy

3 Agosto 2022
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Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

15 Junio 2022
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While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially

26 Octubre 2021
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With its proposed directive on gender pay transparency, the European Commission has significantly bolstered the set of tools for delivering its objectives compared to those presented in its 2014 Recommendation. The proposed portfolio of measures addresses many shortcomings of the instruments that

18 Junio 2021
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Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

8 Junio 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Abril 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Febrero 2021

Upcoming publications results (2)

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

August 2024

The report maps trends in income inequality and examines the situation of the middle classes in the EU during 2020, the year most associated with the COVID-19 lockdowns. It charts developments in the size and composition of middle-class households across countries, identifies those that suffered dis

July 2024
Data results (4)

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