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Relazioni industriali e dialogo sociale

Le relazioni industriali e il dialogo sociale rappresentano una delle sei attività principali del programma di lavoro di Eurofound per il periodo 2021-2024. La Fondazione continuerà a operare come centro di competenze per il monitoraggio e l’analisi degli sviluppi dei sistemi di relazioni industriali e del dialogo sociale a livello nazionale e dell’UE. Continuerà a sostenere il dialogo tra le parti sociali, anche alla luce dell’impatto della COVID-19 , avvalendosi delle competenze della propria rete di corrispondenti a livello nazionale.

Nei prossimi quattro anni, Eurofound fornirà importanti informazioni sulle sfide e le prospettive nel settore delle relazioni industriali e del dialogo sociale nell’UE. Con un’esperienza consolidata in questo campo, la Fondazione analizza i principali sviluppi che interessano i soggetti attivi, i processi e i risultati chiave delle relazioni industriali. Mette a confronto i sistemi nazionali di relazioni industriali, compreso il dialogo sociale e la contrattazione collettiva . Partendo dalla sua banca dati «COVID-19 EU PolicyWatch», creata nel 2020, Eurofound monitorerà le iniziative strategiche dei governi, delle parti sociali e di altri soggetti attivi per attenuare le ricadute sociali ed economiche della crisi, nonché per contribuire agli sforzi di ripresa. Continuerà a riferire regolarmente sugli sviluppi in materia di fissazione delle retribuzioni salario minimo orario di lavoro , nonché sui risultati della vita lavorativa.

Le competenze di Eurofound promuovono lo sviluppo delle capacità delle parti sociali di realizzare un dialogo sociale efficace; inoltre, l’Agenzia promuove lo sviluppo del dialogo sociale europeo esaminando la rappresentatività delle organizzazioni delle parti sociali in diversi settori, per valutare la loro idoneità a partecipare ai comitati di dialogo sociale.

 

«Il nostro compito è sostenere il dialogo tra le parti sociali. Ritengo che i dati che elaboriamo insieme e le ricerche che facciamo siano importanti, se aiutano i soggetti interessati a funzionare meglio... Un dialogo sociale vivace rientra in quella che si potrebbe definire un’economia sociale di mercato, che è ciò che l’Unione europea si propone di realizzare».

— David Foden, consulente, relazioni industriali

Topic

Recent updates

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The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to...

2 Maggio 2024
Publication
Annual report

Messaggi strategici chiave

Infografica

I principali risultati emersi dalla ricerca di Eurofound servono ai responsabili politici da spunto per affrontare alcune delle questioni chiave in questo settore.

  • Attraverso la contrattazione collettiva, le parti sociali svolgono un ruolo cruciale nel garantire un trattamento equo per i lavoratori europei e un quadro stabile e prevedibile per i datori di lavoro.
  • Una contrattazione collettiva efficace garantisce che la concorrenza tra le imprese, grazie a norme comuni in materia di retribuzione e condizioni di lavoro, possa concentrarsi sull’aumento dell’efficienza piuttosto che sullo sfruttamento della forza lavoro.
  • I sistemi delle relazioni industriali sono sempre più a rischio a causa dell’evoluzione della società, dei mercati e dell’organizzazione del lavoro. Tale situazione ha comportato sfide per la capacità di intervento dei principali soggetti attivi a livello dei sistemi di relazioni industriali degli Stati membri.
  • In termini di retribuzione, i risultati mostrano che sette lavoratori su 10 nell’UE che percepiscono il salario minimo riferiscono quantomeno una certa difficoltà nell’arrivare a fine mese, rispetto a meno di cinque su 10 degli altri lavoratori; queste cifre variano tuttavia notevolmente da un paese all’altro. A fronte della pandemia, i salari minimi possono svolgere un ruolo nella combinazione di politiche per stabilizzare i redditi e quindi la richiesta di contrastare una spirale discendente in recessione o depressione.
  • L’efficacia del dialogo sociale europeo dipende da forti legami con il livello nazionale, per cui l’agenda dell’UE continua a essere pertinente e gli accordi autonomi dell’UE vengono attuati in modo significativo a livello nazionale.
  • Mentre dal dialogo sociale europeo sono emerse diverse iniziative congiunte, pochi accordi sono stati conclusi. Si teme che in alcuni settori le richieste delle parti sociali di attuare gli accordi attraverso la legislazione europea siano state respinte e che siano necessari migliori collegamenti tra i livelli UE e nazionali.
  • Le tendenze in calo della densità sindacale sono motivo di preoccupazione in molti Stati membri. Meno di un posto di lavoro su tre (con più di 10 lavoratori) nell’UE (29 %) vanta una qualche forma di rappresentanza dei lavoratori. I requisiti legislativi rappresentano un fattore chiave per la presenza della rappresentanza.
  • La contrattazione collettiva rimane al centro dei sistemi di relazioni industriali in seno all’UE. I responsabili politici dovrebbero cogliere l’opportunità della crisi da COVID-19 per introdurre nuove iniziative al fine di promuovere, rafforzare e sostenere la contrattazione collettiva.
  • Oltre agli sforzi delle parti sociali, un dialogo sociale efficace e relazioni industriali ben funzionanti richiedono fondi pubblici nonché il sostegno delle autorità pubbliche. I responsabili politici dovrebbero esplorare nuove forme di trasferimento delle conoscenze, di stanziamento di risorse e di impegno con le parti sociali a livello di Unione europea e nazionale.
  • La salvaguardia e la promozione di relazioni industriali eque, ben funzionanti ed equilibrate è fondamentale per garantire una crescita inclusiva e sostenibile nonché il progresso sociale nell’UE. A seguito della COVID-19, rappresenterà anche un modo importante per i responsabili politici di integrare la dimensione sociale ed economica dell’UE, come stabilito nel pilastro europeo dei diritti sociali.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of industrial relations and social dialogue in the EU. With a long-established expertise in this field, Eurofound explores the main developments affecting the actors, processes and key outcomes of industrial relations. It compares national systems of industrial relations, including national social dialogue and collective bargaining. Building on its EU PolicyWatch database created in 2020, Eurofound will monitor policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors to cushion the social and economic fallouts of the crisis, as well as to assist in the recovery efforts. Its regular reporting on pay setting, minimum wage and working time developments, as well as working life outcomes, will be ongoing.

Eurofound’s expertise supports the capacity-building of the social partners to achieve effective social dialogue, and the Agency promotes the development of the European social dialogue by looking at the representativeness of social partner organisations in different sectors to assess their eligibility to participate in social dialogue committees.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist the European institutions, national public authorities and social partners at various levels to address the challenges facing the EU and at national level in the areas of policy formation, social dialogue, collective bargaining and the regulation of employment relations.

The Agency’s work programme is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound will support the policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights linked to social dialogue and the involvement of workers, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific findings will be available to inform the European policy debate on minimum wages and pay transparency, as well as on working time. In consultation with the European Commission, Eurofound will continue its focused work on European social dialogue through its series of representativeness studies in selected sectors.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues its national monitoring of trends and developments in industrial relations, social dialogue, collective bargaining and working life regulations and outcomes. 

To support European social dialogue, in 2024 the Agency plans to publish studies on the representativeness of social partner organisations in six sectors: construction, extractive industries, chemical sector, road transport including urban public transport, postal and courier services, and graphical industries. In addition, studies are ongoing on the following sectors: agriculture, temporary agency work, ports, maritime transport, tanning and leather, footwear, sugar, inland waterway transport, central government administration, railways and commerce. Eurofound continues its work on initiatives to support capacity building for effective social dialogue. In 2024, the Agency launches a new phase of Tripartite Exchange Seminars in collaboration with the European Training Foundation, Cedefop and the European Environment Agency.

Eurofound carries out its annual exercise of examining the involvement of national social partners in policymaking, in the context of the European Semester process and the Recovery and Resilience Facility, which in 2024 includes findings on the role of tripartite discussions held in Economic and Social Councils in Member States having such bodies. The contribution made by sectoral social partners to the implementation of reforms and investments included in the Recovery and Resilience Plans is also analysed, looking at policy processes that link European and national policy agendas. 

Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database continues to capture relevant policy initiatives by governments, social partners and other actors, including those taken to mitigate the socioeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine, as well as those related to the twin transition.

Work on outcomes in collective bargaining agreements beyond the topic of pay concludes in 2024 and the results and dataset are planned for 2025. Research also concludes on how larger increases in statutory minimum wages affect collective bargaining and collectively agreed wages for low-paid groups. 

Eurofound collaborates with the European Institute for Gender Equality in 2024 to investigate further experiences with the implementation of gender pay transparency measures, with a focus also on those Member States that have recently introduced new legislation, and how the ‘work of equal value principle’ is defined and implemented.

The annual reviews on minimum wages and on working time in the EU continue in 2024. The working life country profiles are also being updated. The ongoing monitoring of industrial relations systems includes regular updates to the European Industrial Relations Dictionary.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Gennaio 2024
Publication
Work programme
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La revisione annuale dei salari minimi del 2023 è stata preparata nel contesto di un’inflazione senza precedenti in tutta Europa. Se da una parte tale revisione ha portato a forti...

29 Giugno 2023
Publication
Research report

Eurofound expert(s)

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Christine Aumayr-Pintar is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. Her current research topics include minimum wages, collectively agreed wages and gender...

Senior research manager,
Working life research unit
Publications results (531)

After a long period of price stability, inflation has made a remarkable comeback in the EU. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy crisis spurred by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the disruption of the international supply chain, among other factors, have driven up the

06 September 2023

This report investigates the involvement of social partners in the just transition to a climate-neutral economy, with a particular focus on the territorial just transition plans. These plans aim to support the regions most negatively affected by the just transition by assisting workers to retrain

19 July 2023

La revisione annuale dei salari minimi del 2023 è stata preparata nel contesto di un’inflazione senza precedenti in tutta Europa. Se da una parte tale revisione ha portato a forti aumenti dei salari nominali in molti paesi, dall’altra in molti casi non è stata sufficiente a salvaguardare il potere d

29 June 2023

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2022, based on national research and survey results. The topics covered include the policy responses of governments to inflation and how inflation has featured in

05 May 2023

Il 2022 si è aperto con cauto ottimismo. L’Europa stava uscendo da due anni di pandemia di COVID-19, con NextGenerationEU che definiva un piano per una ripresa che costruisse un futuro forte e sostenibile. L’attacco russo nei confronti dell’Ucraina all’inizio dell’anno ha però cambiato radicalmente

04 May 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

In 2022, the European Semester process was updated to take into account the launch of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) in February 2021. Over the past year, Member States have implemented national recovery and resilience plans (RRPs) in a context of huge geopolitical and economic upheaval

29 March 2023

This paper provides an overview of the involvement of the social partners in policymaking and social dialogue in recent years, primarily at national peak level. It will focus on the evolution of social dialogue over the past decade and a half in terms of its response to external shocks, focusing on

20 March 2023

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

20 December 2022

This document examines the process of assessing the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the civil aviation sector. It summarises the findings from a comprehensive study on representativeness in this sector. The study identifies ETF, ECA an

20 December 2022

Online resources results (1768)

Minimum wages 2024 – The tide is turning

While the prospects for minimum wage workers in early 2023 looked gloomy, the new year brings better news: national minimum wages were raised significantly in most countries.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widesprea
10 Gennaio 2024

Working life in Moldova

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Moldova in recognition of its new status as an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Moldova’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a ba

Working life in Georgia

Eurofound and the European Training Foundation have developed the first working life country profile for Georgia, which is an EU candidate country. The profile is intended to provide an overview of Georgia’s key socioeconomic characteristics and regulations to serve as a background for its work t

Presentation by Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras, Research Manager, Eurofound. 2-3 October 2023, EMCO meeting hosted by the Spanish Presidency, Madrid.

9 Ottobre 2023
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Minimum wages in Belgium

Minimum wages in Belgium exist at national and sectoral levels and are the outcome of collective bargaining. The national minimum wage typically lags behind sectoral minimum wages in Belgium, and policymakers have been concerned about the relative decrease in the national minimum wage compared with

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Cyprus introduces a national statutory minimum wage

On 31 August 2022, a new decree on minimum wages was published in Cyprus after a long and arduous process of negotiations and social dialogue. The ministerial decree, which came into effect on 1 January 2023, established a national minimum wage in Cyprus for the first time, a groundbreaking and cont

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Minimum wage debate in Italy

Italy has no minimum wage prescribed by law. Minimum wages are set through collective agreements at sectoral level, and the majority of employees in Italy are covered by a collective bargaining agreement in which wages are set. This article outlines the latest positions (2023) of the government and

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Measures to lessen the impact of the inflation and energy crisis on citizens

As governments across the EU continue to implement policies to support citizens and businesses in the face of rising food and energy prices caused by the COVID-19 crisis and intensified by the war in Ukraine, this article summarises the policy responses as reported in Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch

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Minimum wage hikes struggle to offset inflation

As the EU economy advanced its recovery following the pandemic, the high rate of inflation throughout 2022 meant that wage setting actors made their decisions under a cloud of uncertainty. While nominal increases in statutory minimum wages reached an all-time high, minimum wage workers in most count


Blogs results (22)
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

30 Maggio 2019
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Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

17 Aprile 2019
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In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Karel Fric and Camilla Galli da Bino look at the issue of discrimination against men in the workplace in Europe, and the current lack of research in this area.

1 Maggio 2018
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The workings of industrial relations are constantly evolving. In this blog piece, Eurofound authors Christian Welz and Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras discuss a tool that Eurofound has developed to enable this process of change to be monitored and analysed, enabling stakeholders in Member States to

28 Marzo 2018
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Measures to promote gender pay transparency haven’t been delivered yet in half of Europe – making EU level legislative action to speed up implementation an option. In this blog, originally posted in Social Europe, Christine Aumayr-Pintar details what we know about the measures from countries that

28 Febbraio 2018
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Average unemployment rates continue to fall across Europe, employment is growing again in middle-paying jobs, offshoring is on the decline, the proportion of routine jobs is falling, and efforts to make work more sustainable have borne fruit.

6 Giugno 2017
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The growth in average (nominal) pay of employees has accelerated in recent years in EU countries after a slump following the economic crisis. Similar developments show up in data on collectively agreed wages. However, higher wage growth figures do not automatically mean that all employees benefit

27 Febbraio 2017
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Europe has gone through significant economic change over the past decade. Businesses have had to manage the challenges posed by the financial crisis, globalisation and a rapidly changing labour market. Eurofound's new report Win-win arrangements: Innovative measures through social dialogue at

3 Ottobre 2016
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On the eve of the 11th International Labour and Employment Relations Association (ILERA) European Congress, we look at the issue of representativeness in Europe, and how ensuring that workers and employers are fairly represented at EU-level is an important aspect of European democracy.

7 Settembre 2016
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The European Union (EU) has strong legislation in place that protects workers from being exploited and also enables businesses to engage in fair competition. Workers are mobile and can move freely within the EU single market across borders – without being dependent upon traffickers. Yet, the latest

3 Maggio 2016

Upcoming publications results (9)

This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

March 2025

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

November 2024

This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

November 2024

This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

June 2024

The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

June 2024
Data results (10)

Eurofound publishes gross and nominal statutory minimum wages applicable in EU countries that have a statutory minimum wage.

25 Gennaio 2024
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Disclaimer

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