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Arbeidsomstandigheden en duurzaam werk

Arbeidsomstandigheden en duurzaam werk vormen een van de zes hoofdactiviteiten in het werkprogramma van Eurofound voor de periode 2021-2024. Eurofound zal blijven fungeren als kenniscentrum voor het monitoren en analyseren van ontwikkelingen op dit gebied. Zo zal onder meer worden gekeken welke gevolgen de COVID-19 -crisis heeft voor de arbeidsomstandigheden en de arbeidskwaliteit evenals op praktijken op de werkvloer.

Gedurende de periode 2021-2024 zal Eurofound belangrijke inzichten verschaffen in de uitdagingen en vooruitzichten op het gebied van arbeidsomstandigheden en duurzaam werk in de EU. Op basis van gedegen expertise op dit gebied zal Eurofound de ontwikkelingen en gemaakte vorderingen in de loop van de tijd volgen en punten van zorg rond arbeidsomstandigheden en arbeidskwaliteit benoemen. De analyse bestrijkt verschillende landen, sectoren, beroepen en groepen werknemers en stelt kwesties aan de orde als werkorganisatieen telewerken, arbeidstijd, evenwicht tussen werk en privéleven , gelijke behandeling, gezondheid en welzijn op de werkvloer, vaardigheden en opleiding, inkomen en vooruitzichten en tevredenheid met het werk. Er wordt specifiek aandacht besteed aan atypisch werk , met name werk als zelfstandige.

Gezien de demografische uitdaging van de vergrijzing van de bevolking in de EU en de toenemende diversiteit van het arbeidsleven zal Eurofound blijven onderzoeken welke factoren ertoe bijdragen dat meer werknemers langer kunnen blijven werken. Tevens zal Eurofound zich richten op het verbeteren van de arbeidskwaliteit als manier om de arbeidsmarktparticipatie en motivatie van werknemers te stimuleren en zo duurzaam werk gedurende de hele levensloop te bevorderen.

Het verband tussen werk en gezondheid wordt onderzocht in nauw overleg met het Europees Agentschap voor veiligheid en gezondheid op het werk (EU-OSHA). Eurofound stelt zich ten doel voort te bouwen op zijn samenwerking met de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie (ILO) aangaande kwesties rond de toekomst van het werk en de arbeidsomstandigheden op mondiaal niveau.

“Over het geheel genomen hebben we goed nieuws, omdat de arbeidsomstandigheden in de Europese Unie verbeteren – zij het heel langzaam –, maar een punt van zorg is dat dit niet per se geldt voor alle groepen werknemers. De verbetering hangt in hoge mate af van de vraag in welke sector je werkt, van je opleidingsniveau en, om er geen doekjes om te winden, ook van de vraag of je man of vrouw bent.”

Barbara Gerstenberger, hoofd van de eenheid Arbeidsleven

Topic

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Belangrijke beleidspunten

Infographic 2021

De belangrijkste bevindingen uit het onderzoek van Eurofound dienen als input voor beleidsmakers om een aantal belangrijke kwesties op dit gebied te kunnen aanpakken.

  • Het werken aan betere arbeidsomstandigheden is voor werknemers en werkgevers van cruciaal belang. Met betrekking tot arbeidskwaliteit moeten tal van verschillende aspecten in aanmerking worden genomen. Kwalitatief hoogwaardige banen stellen mensen in staat langer en beter te werken en dragen bij aan duurzaam werk en een positieve balans tussen werk en privéleven.
  • De arbeidsomstandigheden in de EU worden over het algemeen beter, ook al is er sprake van geleidelijke vooruitgang. Voor sommige groepen werknemers verloopt de vooruitgang trager, afhankelijk van het type arbeidsovereenkomst, de sector en het opleidingsniveau.
  • De arbeidsomstandigheden en de arbeidskwaliteit in de EU kunnen op veel manieren worden verbeterd. Overheden kunnen door regelgeving zeker een belangrijke rol spelen bij het vaststellen van het kader. Maar ook voor werknemers, werkgevers en hun organisaties is een belangrijke rol weggelegd. Voor veel aspecten van arbeidskwaliteit is de werkvloer de plaats waar verandering plaatsvindt.
  • Slechts een vijfde van de Europese ondernemingen heeft het geheim ontdekt van de optimale combinatie van welzijn op de werkplek en bedrijfsresultaten. “High investment, high involvement”-werkplekken blijken voor werknemers en werkgevers de beste resultaten op te leveren. Dergelijke werkplekken stimuleren de prestaties en verbeteren de arbeidskwaliteit door werknemers autonomer te maken, betrokkenheid van werknemers te faciliteren en opleiding en leren te bevorderen.
  • Veel mensen, met name ouders en andere verzorgers, hebben moeite met het combineren van werk en verplichtingen buiten hun werk. Flexibele arbeidsregelingen kunnen helpen deze moeilijkheden te overwinnen, maar brengen ook weer uitdagingen met zich mee. Telewerk bijvoorbeeld biedt meer vrijheid om te kiezen wanneer en waar men werkt, maar kan ook leiden tot langere en intensievere werktijden en meer moeite om van het werk los te komen.
  • Door de toename van telewerk tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie is duidelijk geworden dat de grens tussen werk en privéleven vervaagt. Veel overheden en sociale partners bespreken initiatieven met betrekking tot het “recht op onbereikbaar zijn”, om te voorkomen dat grote groepen werknemers het risico lopen op fysieke en emotionele uitputting.
  • In de toekomst moeten de sociale partners ernaar streven dat in wetgevingskaders of overeenkomsten ten behoeve van werknemers bepalingen worden opgenomen aangaande de vrijwillige aard van telewerk of de geschiktheid van specifieke taken voor telewerken. Ook is het essentieel duidelijkheid te scheppen over hoe werkgevers kunnen bijdragen aan de aan het werken vanuit huis verbonden kosten, en garanties te bieden met betrekking tot gelijk loon en gelijke toegang tot opleiding voor mensen die op afstand werken.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
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Publications results (567)

In the context of ongoing negotiations at EU level on adopting a work–life balance package for families and caregivers, Eurofound was requested by the European Commission to provide an update of the available data regarding paternity and parental leave for fathers. This report presents the currently

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In the wake of an economic crisis that had a very uneven impact on social outcomes across EU Member States, EU leaders and policymakers have come to acknowledge that to make social Europe a reality, social convergence must be given an equal footing to economic convergence in policymaking. In this

17 December 2018

How to combine work with life is a fundamental issue for many people, an issue that policymakers, social partners, businesses and individuals are seeking to resolve. Simultaneously, new challenges and solutions are transforming the interface between work and life: an ageing population, technological

14 December 2018

This report examines the issues in relation to ‘work on demand’, a topic that has received considerable attention in the media recently, mainly due to its links with the platform economy. Work on demand is often presented as a ‘win–win situation’: workers get to tailor their work according to their

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Two-thirds of the EU labour force are in permanent, full-time employment; the remaining one-third has a non-standard employment status, meaning temporary or part-time employment or self-employment. Given the variety of employment statuses, it is worth asking whether working conditions differ across

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Using data from the sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), carried out in 2015, the ERM report 2018 examines how workplace factors may influence the relationship between restructuring (with job losses) and the outcomes for employees. It also reviews policy and academic research on good

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Annual review of working life 2017 is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the EU and Norway. The annual review collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s

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This report examines the development of collectively agreed pay in conjunction with the development of actual compensation (‘wages’) and labour productivity in real terms. It applies both a longer-term perspective (the early 2000s to 2017) and a short-term perspective, with a focus on the outcomes

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Online resources results (1778)

Latvia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The drafting of the State budget (including discussions on the minimum wage), civil service reforms, an agreement on the State revenue system and debates on social insurance are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Norway: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A series of strikes related to the biennial renegotiation of national collective agreements, an increase in temporary employment and the changing use of occupational health services are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working

Finland: Latest working life developments - Q3 2016

A trial of a new basic income, budgetary proposals to reduce unemployment, and conflicts between Akava and other trade union confederations are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Finland in the third quarter of 2016.

Croatia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The general election result, industrial relations developments, equality in the workplace, what makes a good employer, trade union education and moves to improve social dialogue are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in

Estonia: Latest working life developments - Q3 2016

A new three-year sectoral collective agreement for bus drivers, concerns about transposition of the Enforcement Directive, and social policy reforms are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Estonia in the third quarter

Slovenia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Wage negotiations in the public sector, the suspension of dialogue between employer organisations and the government over tax amendments, and protests by assistant kindergarten teachers regarding pay are among the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest

Cyprus: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

A strike by primary school teachers and the resumption of public service recruitment are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Cyprus in the third quarter of 2016.

Austria: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

The labour market integration of refugees and asylum seekers, together with discussions about the types of jobs unemployed people should accept, are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Austria in the third quarter of

EU Level: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

Issues related to work–life balance, the launch of the public consultation on social rules in road transport and some developments in social dialogue are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the European Union in the

Slovakia: Latest working life developments – Q3 2016

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Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

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