Leave
For workers, leave arrangements have a direct impact on quality of life, work-life balance and the overall sustainability of working life. The main leave entitlements of importance to workers are annual leave, maternity leave, parental leave, paternity leave and sick leave, so that the worker can recover from being ill. The European Pillar of Social Rights encourages gender-balanced use of family-related leave and flexible working arrangements. Women and men shall have equal access to special leaves of absence in order to fulfil their caring responsibilities towards both children and ageing parents.
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16 September 2024
24 October 2023
The most important changes in the regulation of working time in Europe in 2021 and 2022 were related to the transposition of two European directives: the Work–life Balance Directive and the Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions Directive. The reduction of working time and more specifically the four-day working week have been increasingly debated in many EU Member States. In 2022, the average collectively agreed working week in the EU stood at 38.1 hours. Of the sectors analysed, agreed working hours were shortest in public administration, at around 37.7 hours – still longer than the overall average – and longest in the retail sector, at 38.5 hours. The average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 24.3 days in the EU, and was higher in the Member States that were part of the EU prior to its 2004 enlargement (EU14), at 25.3 days, than in the other Member States, at only 20.9 days. If working collectively agreed hours, full-time workers in the EU27 would have worked, on average, 1,726 hours in 2022, with an average of 1,698 hours in the EU14 and 1,822 hours in the other Member States.
14 October 2021
The most relevant changes in working time regulation in Europe in 2019 and 2020 addressed challenges arising as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most focused on short-time working schemes, on approaches to teleworking for those able to work from home and on regulations to ensure the safe provision of essential services. In 2020, the average collectively agreed working week in the EU stood at 37.8 hours. Across the sectors analysed in the report, the collectively agreed normal working week was shortest in public administration (38 hours) and longest in transport (39.2 hours). Paid annual leave entitlement (taking into account those set through collective bargaining) stood at an average of 24.5 days across the EU. Key topics for discussion in all Member States during the COVID-19 pandemic included dealing with the impact of changes in working hours on different groups of workers and the role of working time in supporting economic recovery and job creation.
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Jorge Cabrita
Senior research managerJorge Cabrita jest starszym kierownikiem ds. badań w jednostce ds. życia zawodowego. Odpowiada za formułowanie, koordynację i zarządzanie badaniami na terenie całej Europy oraz promowanie popularyzacji wyników w obszarach warunków pracy i stosunków przemysłowych. Jego główne obszary badań obejmują warunki pracy i jakość zatrudnienia, czas pracy i równowagę między pracą a życiem prywatnym, zdrowie i dobrostan pracowników, równość płci oraz społeczno-ekonomiczne skutki przejścia do gospodarki neutralnej klimatycznie. Obecnie prowadzi badania nad zmianą czasu pracy oraz nad dialogiem społecznym i negocjacjami zbiorowymi podczas pandemii COVID-19. Wcześniej pracował jako badacz w Centrum Studiów nad Interwencją Społeczną oraz w Centrum Badań nad Gospodarką Portugalii Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Lizbonie, a także jako trener i konsultant w obszarach zarządzania strategicznego, komunikacji organizacyjnej, przywództwa i budowania zespołu. Posiada tytuł licencjata z ekonomii oraz magistra z systemów społeczno-organizacyjnych działalności gospodarczej uzyskany w Szkole Ekonomicznej w Lizbanie.
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