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Employment structure

The employment structure reflects the change in employment across occupations and sectors, using various proxies of job quality. The current debate about shifts in the employment structure is focused on the extent to which observed patterns of job polarisation and upgrading have contributed to wage inequality trends and on Europe's shrinking middle class.

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Eurofound research

Eurofound’s European Jobs Monitor (EJM) analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU, covering all Member States.

Key outputs

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The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives...

Data Item

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (96)

The fast and steady recovery in employment following the COVID-19 pandemic in the EU benefited from proactive policy responses to the crisis and from resilient labour markets. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022; however, significant regional

03 September 2024

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024

Keďže hospodárstva sa začínajú zotavovať z pandémie COVID-19, nedostatok pracovných síl sa stáva čoraz zjavnejším napriek vplyvu vojny na Ukrajine na ceny energií a komodít. Ide najmä o nedostatky, ktoré boli v niektorých odvetviach a povolaniach už určitý čas zakorenené, a ktoré sa v dôsledku krízy

28 March 2023

Európske trhy práce sa po skončení pandémie COVID-19 výrazne obnovili. Na konci roka 2021, teda o viac ako 18 mesiacov od vypuknutia pandémie, bola miera zamestnanosti v EÚ takmer na úrovni pred krízou. Táto správa zhŕňa vývoj na trhu práce v rokoch 2020 a 2021 na základe štvrťročných údajov z

20 October 2022

Pandémia ochorenia COVID-19 zvýraznila nerovnosti v mnohých aspektoch európskych spoločností vrátane nerovností medzi ženami a mužmi v niekoľkých kľúčových oblastiach. V tejto správe sa skúmajú rodové nerovnosti, ktoré existovali už pred krízou COVID-19 a opisuje sa v nej, akými spôsobmi pandémia

13 October 2022

Technologické zmeny sa zrýchľujú spolu so zväčšujúcou sa kapacitou elektronických zariadení na digitálne uchovávanie, spracúvanie a odovzdávanie informácií. Digitalizácia transformuje hospodárstvo a trhy práce EÚ: takmer tretina pracovísk v EÚ sa zaraďuje medzi vysoko digitalizované. Aké dôsledky má

15 December 2021

Jedným z najpozoruhodnejších úspechov za posledné polstoročie je nárast účasti žien na trhu práce. Dve z každých troch úplne nových pracovných miest za posledné dve desaťročia v EÚ boli obsadené ženami. Prudký nárast miery zamestnanosti starších pracovníkov z dôvodu starnutia obyvateľstva a zmeny

14 December 2021

Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the

14 December 2021

Pandémia COVID-19 v roku 2020 zrušila alebo obmedzila mnohé hospodárske činnosti, čo malo ďalekosiahle dôsledky pre trh práce. Poklesy zamestnanosti na začiatku pandémie boli prudšie ako tie, ktoré sme zažívali počas celosvetovej finančnej krízy. Ešte väčšie poklesy v počte odpracovaných hodín

19 October 2021

Zatiaľ čo nezamestnanosť je v Európe stále veľkou výzvou, niektoré krajiny, odvetvia a povolania čelia nedostatku pracovných síl. V tejto správe sa skúmajú rôzne prístupy k identifikácii nedostatku pracovných síl a mapujú sa vnútroštátne politické diskusie o tejto otázke. V správe sa dokumentujú

20 July 2021

Online resources results (2)

United Kingdom: Latest working life developments – Q2 2016

The outcome of the referendum on EU membership, the immediate impact of the vote to leave, the social partners’ reaction and the steel industry crisis are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in the UK in the first

Blogs results (12)
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Following the declines in employment rates and working hours across Europe in 2020, economies began to show signs of recovery during the first quarter of 2021. The gradual rekindling of economic activity has led to a surge in demand for workers and reawakened concerns over labour shortages. Difficul

20 júl 2021
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The employment fallout of COVID-19 has been a story of two types of service work. Office-based knowledge workers have largely kept their jobs and incomes while participating in the huge and apparently successful ad hoc social experiment in working from home. Client-facing service workers have borne

2 február 2021
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Economic disparities have been decreasing between EU member states over the past decade, but at the same time inequality has been growing within member states. Despite national level convergence, the gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor is growing in most of Europe. Some of this ri

29 október 2019
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Over the past four years a special project delegated to Eurofound has looked in detail at ongoing changes in manufacturing on a global scale, analysed how the industry will change further in the future, and assessed what the impacts will be for Europe. Looking at everything from changes in tasks for

9 apríl 2019
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Manual jobs in European manufacturing are being transformed as blue-collar workers take on more intellectual tasks. This is a consequence of the increasing use of digital tools and the growing importance of quality control in production. The severe losses of middle-paying jobs in the manufacturing s

27 september 2018
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The Great Recession had lasting effects on European labour markets, both in terms of employment levels and structure. Not only did employment rates drop significantly – taking years to return to pre-crisis levels, with some countries not fully recovered yet – but the crisis also accelerated structur

3 august 2017
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The EU has finally recovered all the net employment losses sustained since the global financial crisis. It has been a long and painful process. But there is at last growing evidence of positive momentum in EU labour markets, if not quite ‘animal spirits’. Many of those member states most affected by

26 júl 2017
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The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries tha

23 jún 2017
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EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

21 marec 2017
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One of the common values that unites the European Union is that of equal opportunities: all citizens should have the same possibility to improve their lives and participate in the labour market regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion or sexual orientation. Ensuring equal opportunities in finding w


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