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Nove oblike zaposlovanja

Nove oblike zaposlovanja so krovni izraz za bolj raznolike oblike zaposlitve, ki se pojavljajo ali postajajo vse pomembnejše od leta 2000 dalje. Poleg tradicionalnih delovnih razmerij so za nove oblike dela značilne spremembe delovnih vzorcev, pogodbenih razmerij, krajev, trajanja in urnika dela, povečana uporaba informacijskih in komunikacijskih tehnologij (IKT) ali kombinacija vsega tega. 

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Okvir EU

Zaradi družbenih, gospodarskih in tehnoloških sprememb v Evropi se po vsej Evropi pojavljajo nove oblike zaposlovanja. K povečanju njihovega obsega in razširjenosti je prispevala tudi pandemija covida-19. Številne med njimi se namreč močno razlikujejo od tradicionalnega „dela“. Preoblikovale so tradicionalno razmerje delodajalec–delavec. Zanje so značilni tudi neobičajni vzorci in kraji dela.

Oblikovalce politike v EU zanima, kako s pomočjo teh novih oblik zaposlovanja zgraditi odpornejši in bolj vključujoč trg dela. Razprave potekajo tudi glede tega, kako zagotoviti ustrezno socialno zaščito in dostojne delovne pogoje. Ključnega pomena pri teh razpravah je, kako se izogniti temu, da bi bile te nove oblike zaposlovanja za delavce manj ugodne kot bolj uveljavljene vrste zaposlovanja.

Evropska komisija, Evropski parlament in Svet so leta 2017 razglasili evropski steber socialnih pravic in določili dvajset temeljnih načel, ki so bistvena za dobro delovanje trgov dela. V pripadajočem akcijskem načrtu za leto 2021 je navedeno, da digitalizacija in spremembe, ki jih je v svetu dela prinesla pandemija, zahtevajo širšo politično razpravo, ki se ne bo osredotočala le na stopnje udeležbe na trgu dela, temveč tudi na ustrezne delovne pogoje, ki so temelj, če želimo zagotoviti kakovostna delovna mesta.

Komisija je vprašanje delovnih pogojev izpostavila tudi v svojem sporočilu o oblikovanju digitalne prihodnosti Evrope. Dobri delovni pogoji so osrčje uspešnega digitalnega prehoda, ki bo spodbujal inovacije in širitev tehnologij.

Delo Eurofounda v zvezi z novimi oblikami zaposlovanja je povezano s prednostno nalogo Komisije za obdobje 2019–2024 v zvezi z Evropo, pripravljeno na digitalno dobo.

Ključna sporočila

  • Standardna oblika zaposlitve je po vsej EU še vedno prevladujoča, a so za evropske trge dela značilne vse bolj raznolike oblike zaposlovanja. 
  • Pričakuje se, da se bodo nekatere nove oblike zaposlovanja še naprej širile zaradi dvojnega prehoda na digitalno dobo in ogljično nevtralno gospodarstvo. Kljub temu bi lahko na nekatere nove oblike zaposlitve negativno vplivali učinki covida-19 na gospodarstvo in trg dela.
  • Veliko novih oblik zaposlovanja temelji na potrebi po prožnosti delodajalcev/strank ali delavcev. Pri razvoju novih oblik zaposlovanja je bistveno zagotoviti, da se s tovrstno prožnostjo ne bo zmanjšala zaščita delavcev.
  • Zato se je pri številnih novih oblikah, med drugim mobilnem delu na podlagi IKT, platformnem delu, občasnem delu in delu na podlagi vrednotnice, treba lotiti vprašanj delovnega časa, delavskega zastopanja ter varnosti in zdravja pri delu.
  • Pri nekaterih od njih bi lahko namreč dvoumnost zaposlitvenega statusa delavcev prispevala k segmentaciji trga dela.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

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Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 December 2020
Publication
Research report
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

Eurofound je za zapolnitev obstoječih vrzeli v znanju leta 2013 začel raziskovati značilnosti novih oblik zaposlovanja v državah članicah EU. V raziskavah je proučeval njihove posledice za delovne pogoje in trg dela.

Kategorije novih oblik zaposlovanja

Eurofound je leta 2015 izvedel vseevropsko evidentiranje stanja za opredelitev novih trendov. Na podlagi tega je določil devet širših kategorij oblik zaposlitve, ki so bodisi nove bodisi v evropskih državah članicah od leta 2000 postajajo vse pomembnejše: izmenjava zaposlenih, delitev delovnega mesta, delo na podlagi vrednotnice, začasno upravljanje, občasno delo, mobilno delo na podlagi IKT, platformno delo, portfeljsko delo in sodelo. Številne študije primerov, izvedene v okviru raziskave, kažejo, kako te nove oblike zaposlovanja delujejo v državah članicah ter kako vplivajo na delovne pogoje in trg dela.

Eurofound je leta 2020 opravil pregled nadaljnjih ukrepov v zvezi z novimi oblikami zaposlitve, v okviru katerega je spremljal njihov obseg, razširjenost in pogostost, ter poudaril njihov vse večji pomen za evropske trge dela.

Pojav novih trendov

Eurofound še naprej podrobneje proučuje nekatere nove opredeljene trende. V raziskavi iz leta 2016 je bilo zlasti proučeno, kakšne so možnosti, da bi strateška izmenjava zaposlenih prinesla koristi tako delodajalcem kot zaposlenim. Leta 2020 so bile v študiji o delu na daljavo in mobilnem delu na področju IKT analizirane posledice teh ureditev za zaposlitev in delovne pogoje.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

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Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

V tem poročilu so predstavljene Eurofoundove raziskave o delu na daljavo med pandemijo covida-19 v letih 2020 in 2021. V njem so proučene spremembe razširjenosti dela na daljavo, delovnih pogojev zaposlenih, ki delajo od doma, in zakonodaje, ki obravnava vprašanja, povezana s tovrstno ureditvijo

08 December 2022

Tehnološke spremembe postajajo vse hitrejše zaradi vse večje zmogljivosti elektronskih naprav za digitalno shranjevanje, obdelavo in posredovanje informacij. Digitalizacija preobraža gospodarstvo in trge dela EU, saj se skoraj tretjina delovnih mest v EU šteje za visoko digitalizirane. Kakšne so

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 Julij 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
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Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 Marec 2022
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While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 Februar 2021
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Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 December 2020
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We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 Januar 2020
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 Oktober 2019
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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Maj 2019
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 November 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 Julij 2016

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