Bienestar subjetivo
El bienestar subjetivo se refiere a cómo las personas perciben la calidad de sus vidas. Promover el bienestar de sus ciudadanos es un objetivo clave para la UE y ha ganado protagonismo en la agenda de política social en la última década. Esto incluye diferencias o desigualdades en salud.
Encuentre el contenido más reciente sobre este tema a continuación.
The roots of Europe's mental health crisis run deep
This article looks at the trends, the groups at risk, the services and policies in the area of mental health. The European Commission’s communication on a comprehensive approach to mental health, adopted in June 2023, aims to place mental health on an equal footing with physical health and ensure a new, cross-sectoral approach to mental health issues. But, solutions must be sought not only narrowly within mental health care, but also in improving living and working conditions and facilitating social and economic inclusion.Quality of life in the EU in 2024: Results from the Living and Working in the EU e-survey
Eurofound’s e-survey captures the situation of European respondents and their post-pandemic concerns. This factsheet outlines the most recent data on the main challenges faced by Europeans, with a particular emphasis on the rising cost of living, health and mental health, access to healthcare services, work–life balance, and changes in telework opportunities. View the publication or read the findings in digital format via the related content.
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
Encuesta europea de calidad de vida
Encuesta Europea de Calidad de Vida (EQLS)Eurofound tiene un conjunto excepcionalmente amplio de indicadores de bienestar subjetivo (26 indicadores en la encuesta de 2016). Por lo general, se incluyen dos medidas globales para capturar el bienestar subjetivo general:
satisfacción con la vida, que permite a las personas proporcionar una evaluación general de su vida
felicidad general, lo que permite a las personas dar una evaluación más emocional de cómo se sienten
Indicadores de bienestar
Eurofound lanzó su primera EQLS en 2003, después de haber completado su cuarta encuesta en 2016. El marco conceptual utilizado en la EQLS está generalmente en línea con las directrices de la OCDE. Aborda el bienestar subjetivo mediante tres grupos de indicadores:
Bienestar evaluativo: satisfacción con la vida y satisfacción con los dominios de la vida
Afecto positivo y negativo: felicidad, vitalidad, sensación de calma, sensación de alegría, sensación de depresión
Bienestar eudaimónico: optimismo, autonomía, sentido de propósito, tener tiempo para disfrutar de la vida y resiliencia
Los hallazgos de EQLS muestran que los determinantes más fuertes de una mayor satisfacción con la vida y felicidad son tener un sentido de propósito, seguido de optimismo sobre el futuro y la autonomía.
La salud es otro determinante clave del bienestar. Los datos de la EQLS arrojan luz sobre los cambios en la salud autodeclarada para la población de la UE en su conjunto y en relación con los grupos de especial preocupación. Con respecto a la salud mental y el bienestar, el EQLS hace varias preguntas que se pueden utilizar para construir el Índice de Bienestar Mental de la OMS (OMS-5).
La EQLS 2016 incluyó dos ítems adicionales que miden la resiliencia para capturar la capacidad percibida para lidiar con los problemas y el tiempo que lleva recuperarse. La resiliencia percibida se correlaciona positivamente con las variables de bienestar mental.
El artículo 3 del Tratado de la Unión Europea subraya la importancia que tiene para la UE promover el bienestar de sus pueblos y trabajar por el desarrollo sostenible de Europa. El pilar europeo de derechos sociales reitera este objetivo y destaca que una Europa social fuerte consiste en poner a las personas y su bienestar en el centro. La buena salud y el bienestar es también uno de los 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de la ONU.
Para captar las complejidades que rodean a las sociedades modernas, la iniciativa Beyond GDP de la Comisión Europea tiene como objetivo medir el progreso, la verdadera riqueza y el bienestar mediante el desarrollo de indicadores que complementen las cifras del PIB pero que sean más inclusivos de los aspectos ambientales y sociales del progreso. Además, los indicadores de calidad de vida de Eurostat proporcionan estadísticas recientes sobre diversas dimensiones de la calidad de vida en la UE, complementando también el indicador del PIB utilizado tradicionalmente.
El Marco Europeo de Acción de la OMS sobre Salud Mental y Bienestar 2021-2025, cofinanciado por la Comisión, apoya a los Estados miembros de la UE en la revisión de sus políticas y en el intercambio de experiencias para mejorar la eficiencia y la eficacia de las políticas.
En un contexto global, la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) ha elaborado directrices sobre la recopilación y el uso de medidas de bienestar subjetivo.
Comisión Europea: Plan de Acción del Pilar Europeo de Derechos Socialesopens in new tab
Naciones Unidas: Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibleopens in new tab
Comisión Europea: Medidas alternativas de progreso más allá del PIB opens in new tab
Eurostat: Indicadores de calidad de vidaopens in new tab y bienestar subjetivo - estadísticasopens in new tab
OCDE: Directrices de la OCDE para medir el bienestar subjetivoopens in new tab
Esta es una selección de los resultados más importantes para este tema.
21 May 2024
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
7 December 2022
Living, working and COVID-19 in the European Union and 10 EU neighbouring countries
The Living, working and COVID-19 survey, first launched by Eurofound in early 2020, aims to capture the wide-ranging impact of the pandemic on the work and lives of EU citizens. The fifth round of the Eurofound survey, which was implemented in spring 2022, also sheds light on a new uncertain reality caused by the war in Ukraine, record-high inflation and sharp rises in the cost of living. As a pilot survey, a shorter version of the questionnaire was fielded by the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 10 European Union (EU) neighbouring countries. This joint Eurofound-ETF factsheet presents a selection of results from the survey covering both the EU-27 and the 10 selected EU neighbouring countries.
The results reveal at least one clear commonality across respondents from all countries: serious concerns about the rising cost of living. At the same time, the results point to a large divergence in living and working conditions between respondents in the two groups of countries, but also show large differences within the EU itself and amongst the selected EU neighbouring countries.
28 January 2022
COVID-19 and older people: Impact on their lives, support and care
This report captures the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the quality of life of older citizens, including the impact on their well-being, finances, employment and social inclusion. It explores the effects on the use of care services and older people’s reliance on other support. The report presents policy measures that have been implemented in EU Member States to support older people along all of the above-mentioned dimensions. These include measures to support independent living and schemes to support the labour market integration of older people or to prevent unemployment, all of which play a role in the quality of life of older citizens.
9 November 2021
Impact of COVID-19 on young people in the EU
Following a long recovery from the economic crisis (2007–2013), young people in the EU proved to be more vulnerable to the effects of the restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young people were more likely than older groups to experience job loss, financial insecurity and mental health problems. They reported reduced life satisfaction and mental well-being associated with the stay-at-home requirements and school closures. While governments responded quickly to the pandemic, most efforts to mitigate the effects of restrictions were temporary measures aimed at preventing job loss and keeping young people in education. This report explores the effects of the pandemic on young people, particularly in terms of their employment, well-being and trust in institutions, and assesses the various policy measures introduced to alleviate these effects.
27 January 2020
What makes capital cities the best places to live?
Quality of life data show that in most countries, the capital city has advantages compared to the regions outside the capital. In light of the continued growth of capital city populations and the concentration of resources within them, this policy brief explores the source of the advantages of capital cities in quality of life. Are these advantages mostly related to specific demographics that these cities nurture and attract? Or do these advantages stem from opportunities that major cities provide due to their scale and economic growth?
The policy brief aims to clarify why policy should focus on both the economy and society when it comes to advancing economic, social and territorial cohesion.
19 December 2019
Household composition and well-being
Demographic change, social progress and economic cycles have impacted household composition in Europe. This report provides an overview of household types in the European Union, how they have changed over the period 2007–2017 and how household type relates to outcomes in terms of living conditions and well-being – such as life satisfaction, the feeling of social exclusion and mental well-being. Changes in household structure have a potential impact on demand for public services and social benefits. The report also discusses the policy implications of changing household composition and recent policies responding to the increasing diversity of households. The report underlines the importance of recognition of diverse family forms, of the provision of social support, and of family policy measures complementing income support in reducing inequality of well-being among households.
12 November 2018
Social cohesion and well-being in Europe
This report provides an analysis of European societies in terms of social cohesion – in particular, social tensions, perceived social exclusion and community engagement are explored as key dimensions. It analyses the links between societal characteristics (quality of society) and well-being of different social groups. The analysis looks at how perceived levels of societal tensions have changed in European societies over time (2003–2016). It also examines which dimensions of social cohesion are most important for individual well-being. The report is based on data from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey 2016, the fourth survey since 2003.
Los investigadores de Eurofound proporcionan conocimientos expertos y se les puede contactar para preguntas o solicitudes de los medios de comunicación.
Eszter Sándor
Senior research managerEszter Sandor es director de investigación sénior en la unidad de Políticas Sociales de Eurofound. Tiene experiencia en metodología de encuestas y análisis estadístico, ha trabajado en la preparación y gestión de la Encuesta Europea de Calidad de Vida y, más recientemente, la encuesta electrónica Living, working and COVID-19, y es responsable de la calidad del conjunto de datos. Sus áreas de investigación son el bienestar de los jóvenes y la calidad de vida en los hogares y las familias, incluido el bienestar subjetivo, el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida personal y las condiciones de vida. Anteriormente trabajó como consultora económica en Escocia centrándose en evaluaciones de impacto económico, evaluaciones y análisis de insumo-producto. Tiene una maestría en Economía y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Corvinus de Budapest.
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