Avalikud teenused
Avalikud teenused nagu tervishoid, sotsiaalhoolekande, haridus ja transport on hädavajalikud kõrge sotsiaalse kaitse, sotsiaalse sidususe ja sotsiaalse kaasatuse saavutamiseks. Kuid just teenuste kvaliteet ja ligipääs määravad nende edu muutuvas sotsiaalses ja demograafilises keskkonnas. Poliitikakujundajate väljakutseks on tagada tervise- ja sotsiaalteenuste kujundamine ja osutamine, mis vastavad kodanike mitmekesistele vajadustele. Seda väljakutset on süvendanud tõsised rahalised piirangud ja kasvav nõudlus, mida osaliselt ajendab demograafiline vananemine ja osaliselt pagulaste sissevool Euroopasse. Lisaks taskukohasusele ja kvaliteedile ilmnevad ka uued probleemid. Nende hulka kuuluvad digitaliseerimise võimalused, oht, et uued digitaalsed teenusepakkujate kanalid võivad isoleerida juba ebasoodsas olukorras olevaid kogukondi ning potentsiaalne oht teenusepakkujate mitmekesisuse kasvule avalike teenuste kättesaadavuse ja kvaliteedi osas.
Leia selle teema kohta uusim sisu allpool.
Europe’s digital welfare revolution: Progress at what price?
As Europe races to digitalise its social protection systems, the promise of efficiency collides with the reality of exclusion—creating a paradox where the most vulnerable risk being left furthest behind.Laste heaks töötamine on oluline: ülevaade teenuste osutamisest ja tööjõust Euroopas
Laste heaolu edendamine ja laste vaesuse vastu võitlemine on uue Euroopa Komisjoni peamised eesmärgid. Käesolevas aruandes analüüsitakse suundumusi ja erinevusi lastele pakutavate teenuste kättesaadavuses, millega tuleb selle saavutamiseks tegeleda. Arvestades, et töötajatel on oluline roll nende teenuste kvaliteedi ja kättesaadavuse kindlaksmääramisel, kirjeldatakse käesolevas aruandes töötajate töötingimuste ja koolitusvõimaluste olukorda. Head töötingimused ja taskukohased kvaliteetsed teenused, nagu alusharidus ja lapsehoid, mängivad samuti olulist rolli tööturul osalemise soodustamisel ja tootlikkuse suurendamisel.
Social protection 2.0: Unemployment and minimum income benefits
This report focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits for people of working age. Individuals with short or no employment records (mainly young people), the self-employed, those with non-standard working arrangements, and the long-term unemployed are often not entitled to higher-tier, or any, unemployment benefits. No Member State was identified where more than 80% of those entitled to minimum income benefits receive them. Benefit recipients at higher risk of having an inadequate income include those without access to social housing in areas with high housing costs, unemployed individuals whose most recent job was low paid and the long-term unemployed people. The report also investigates the rejection of applications (frequently, around 30% are rejected), the digitalisation of application processes (most common for unemployment benefits) and economic activation requirements (typically, 1–6% of benefit recipients annually are sanctioned for not complying with activity requirements) and service entitlements.
Eurofound uurib kodanike vajadusi üldiselt, pöörates erilist tähelepanu noortele, eakatele ning neile, kellel on füüsilisi või vaimseid terviseprobleeme. See jälgib ja analüüsib muutusi avalikes teenustes, mis on põhjustatud eelarvepiirangutest, poliitikamuudatustest ning tehnoloogia ja digitaliseerimise edusammudest. Eurofoundi uurimus avalike teenuste kohta käsitleb ka teenusepakkujate vaatenurki ja nende reageerimist muutuvatele kasutajavajadustele.
Euroopa Komisjoni sotsiaalinvesteeringute pakett, mis käivitati 2013. aastal, kutsus liikmesriike üles panema suuremat rõhku kõrgekvaliteedilistele avalikele teenustele. See rõhutas varajase lapsepõlve hariduse ja hoolduse parandamise ning kvaliteetse tervishoiu parandamise tähtsust kui võtmeelementi üldise tervise parandamisel ja tööjõu tootlikkuse säilitamisel. 2019. aasta mais võttis ELi Nõukogu vastu soovituse kvaliteetsete varajase lapsepõlve hariduse ja hooldussüsteemide kohta, et toetada liikmesriike teenuste kättesaadavuse ja kvaliteedi parandamisel. Pärast seda võeti 2021. aasta juunis vastu Euroopa laste garantii, mille eesmärk on tagada, et kõigil lastel oleks juurdepääs kõige põhilisematele õigustele nagu tervishoid ja haridus.
Lisaks rõhutab komisjoni 2015. aastal vastu võetud Euroopa digitaalse ühtse turu strateegia avalike teenuste moderniseerimist konkurentsivõime tõstmiseks. Uute tehnoloogiate, veebipõhiste avalike teenuste ja piiriülese koostalitlusvõime kasutuselevõtt on kriitilise tähtsusega kulutõhususe ja teenuste kvaliteedi suurendamiseks. 2021. aastal välja kuulutatud ELi digitaalne kümnend seab visiooni Euroopa digitaalsest transformatsioonist aastaks 2030. See toob välja neli peamist valdkonda, millest üks on avalike teenuste digitaliseerimine.
Euroopa Komisjon: Sotsiaalinvesteeringute pakettopens in new tab
Euroopa Komisjon: Sotsiaalkaitse komiteeopens in new tab
Euroopa Komisjon: Euroopa laste garantiiopens in new tab
Euroopa Komisjon: Euroopa digitaalne kümnend: digitaalsed eesmärgid aastaks 2030opens in new tab
Euroopa Komisjon: Meie Euroopa eluviisi edendamineopens in new tab
See on valik kõige olulisematest tulemustest selle teema kohta.
20 September 2023
Guaranteeing access to services for children in the EU
The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing. This is done using a convergence analysis, which tracks whether Member States are improving in respect of specific performance indicators and whether disparities between them are expanding or narrowing. The analysis, where possible, also looks at the differences between urban and rural areas and between children living in households with different levels of income and risk of social exclusion. The indicators chosen for analysis highlight the links between the Guarantee, the European Semester and the Social Scoreboard.
16 August 2023
Social services in Europe: Adapting to a new reality
This report addresses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on social services in the EU. While the pandemic negatively affected social services, it nevertheless provided lessons on how to adapt them in response to new challenges and social risks. One lesson, for instance, is that policies should be developed to make better use of digitalisation in the sector, to improve access to new technologies and training for both workers and services’ target groups. And, most importantly, there is a need for clear contingency plans and funding for adaptation in times of crisis.
An increase in public expenditure on social protection, healthcare and education was a critical part of the pandemic response. However, there is uncertainty about the future development of social services in the context of the overarching policy interest and investment in the green and digital transition. This implies that the contribution of social services to the resilience of European societies needs to remain in the policy debate and that policies should be further fine-tuned.
7 September 2022
Access to essential services for people on low incomes: Energy, public transport and digital communications
In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For this exercise, the scope was on energy services, public transport, and digital communications, and the focus on people at risk of poverty or social exclusion (in most cases in practice, people on low incomes). This paper provides an overview of the measures in the Member States based mainly on the inputs from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, collected in February–March 2022. The paper reviews the measures across the entire EU by clustering the major types or targets of the measures to make essential services accessible, and by succinctly listing main country-level examples. It provides information for understanding the diversity and similarities of the measures applied and suggests pointers on areas where policy action could be developed.
30 September 2021
COVID-19: A turning point for upward convergence in health and healthcare in the EU?
The impact of COVID-19 has moved public health up the EU social policy agenda. As the EU directs its efforts towards establishing a European Health Union to guard against future health crises, this policy brief examines the extent to which the EU achieved upward convergence in terms of health and healthcare outcomes, as well as health expenditures and delivery, prior to the pandemic. It also examines convergence patterns in infections and deaths from COVID-19 and in the mitigating measures adopted by the EU and national governments.
The findings indicate that, from 2008 to 2019, the health of EU citizens improved overall, and Member States converged in health outcomes, but disparities in government expenditures and delivery of health services continued to widen. Against this background, the COVID-19 pandemic caused further divergence, with death and infection tolls varying greatly across countries. The policy brief stresses that a European Health Union would ideally not only reinforce the crisis preparedness of the EU but also ultimately enable convergence in health and healthcare indicators across its Member States.
14 December 2020
Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions
The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report maps the LTC workforce’s working conditions and the nature of employment and role of collective bargaining in the sector. It also discusses policies to make the sector more attractive, combat undeclared work and improve the situation of a particularly vulnerable group of LTC workers: live-in carers. The report ends with a discussion and policy pointers on addressing expected staff shortages and the challenges around working conditions.
8 October 2020
Access to care services: Early childhood education and care, healthcare and long-term care
The right of access to good-quality care services is highlighted in the European Pillar of Social Rights. This report focuses on three care services: early childhood education and care (ECEC), healthcare, and long-term care. Access to these services has been shown to contribute to reducing inequalities throughout the life cycle and achieving equality for women and persons with disabilities. Drawing on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents and Eurofound’s own research, the report presents an overview of the current situation in various EU Member States, Norway and the UK, outlining barriers to the take-up of care services and differences in access issues between population groups. It pays particular attention to three areas that have the potential to improve access to services: ECEC for children with disabilities and special educational needs, e-healthcare and respite care.
Eurofoundi teadlased pakuvad asjatundlikke teadmisi ja nendega saab ühendust võtta küsimuste või meediapäringute korral.
Daniel Molinuevo
Senior research managerDaniel Molinuevo on sotsiaalpoliitika üksuse teadusjuht, kes liitus Eurofoundiga 2010. aastal. Tema tervishoiu- ja sotsiaalhoolekande alane teadustöö on keskendunud teenuste kvaliteedile ja kättesaadavusele, nende digitaalsele ümberkujundamisele ja töötajate töötingimustele. Tema töö on keskendunud peamiselt lastele suunatud teenustele nii Eurofoundis kui ka UNICEFis, kus ta töötas 2021. aastal Euroopa lastegarantii rakendamise toetamisel. Ta õppis sotsioloogiat Hispaanias Salamancas ja Berliini Humboldti ülikoolis. Tal on magistrikraad Euroopa poliitika- ja haldusuuringutes Euroopa Kolledžist Brugges ning magistrikraad Euroopa sotsiaalpoliitikas London School of Economicsist, kus ta töötas ka teadurina.
Hans Dubois
Senior research managerHans Dubois on Eurofoundi sotsiaalpoliitika üksuse vanemuuringute juht. Tema uurimisteemade hulka kuuluvad eluase, ülemäärane võlgnevus, tervishoid, pikaajaline hooldus, sotsiaaltoetused, pensionile jäämine ja elukvaliteet kohalikus piirkonnas. Enne Eurofoundiga liitumist oli ta Varssavi Kozminski ülikooli dotsent. Ta on omandanud doktorikraadi ärijuhtimises ja juhtimises Bocconi ülikoolis (Milano) pärast seda, kui ta oli töötanud teadurina Euroopa tervishoiusüsteemide ja -poliitika vaatluskeskuses (Madrid).
See osa annab juurdepääsu kogu sisule, mis on selle teema kohta avaldatud.
