Skoči na glavni sadržaj
shutterstock_young_people_in_coworking_office_space.jpg

Novi oblici zapošljavanja

Novi oblici zapošljavanja krovni je izraz za raznolikije oblike zapošljavanja koji se pojavljuju ili koji dobivaju na važnosti od otprilike 2000. Uz tradicionalne radne odnose, za nove oblike rada karakteristični su promijenjeni obrasci rada, ugovorni odnosi, mjesta, trajanje i raspored obavljanja posla, povećana upotreba informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) ili kombinacija tih aspekata. 

Topic

Recent updates

ef22005_card_cover.png

U ovom je izvješću predstavljeno Eurofoundovo istraživanje o radu na daljinu tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 2020. i 2021. U njemu se istražuju promjene u učestalosti rada na daljinu, radni uvjeti...

8 prosinca 2022
Publication
Research report

Kontekst EU-a

Društvene, gospodarske i tehnološke promjene u Europi dovele su do novih oblika zapošljavanja diljem Europe. Za vrijeme pandemije bolesti COVID-19 povećali su se razmjeri i opseg novih oblika zapošljavanja. Mnogi od njih vrlo su različiti od tradicionalnih „poslova”. Oni mijenjaju tradicionalni odnos jedan na jedan između poslodavca i zaposlenika. Obilježavaju ih i nekonvencionalni obrasci i mjesta rada.

Tvorce politika u EU-u zanima na koji bi način ti novi oblici zapošljavanja mogli pomoći u izgradnji otpornijeg i uključivijeg tržišta rada. Nadalje, vode se rasprave o tome kako osigurati adekvatnu socijalnu zaštitu i pristojne radne uvjete. Jedna od najvažnijih tema u raspravi jest kako izbjeći situaciju da ti novi oblici zapošljavanja postanu nepovoljniji za zaposlenike nego standardni oblici zapošljavanja.

Europska komisija, Europski parlament i Vijeće proglasili su 2017. europski stup socijalnih prava, u kojem se utvrđuje 20 ključnih načela važnih za dobro funkcioniranje tržišta rada. U popratnom akcijskom planu za 2021. ističe se da digitalizacija i promjene koje su se dogodile u svijetu rada zbog pandemije zaslužuju opsežnu raspravu o politici koja će se usredotočiti ne samo na razine sudjelovanja na tržištu rada već i na adekvatne radne uvjete koji su ključni za kvalitetna radna mjesta.

Komisija je u svojoj Komunikaciji o izgradnji digitalne budućnosti Europe također istaknula pitanje radnih uvjeta. Dobri radni uvjeti nalaze se u središtu uspješne digitalne tranzicije koja bi promicala inovacije i širenje tehnologije.

Rad Eurofounda na novim oblicima zapošljavanja povezan je s prioritetom Komisije za razdoblje 2019.–2024. o Europi spremnoj za digitalno doba.

Ključne poruke

  • Standardno zapošljavanje i dalje je dominantno u cijelom EU-u, no europska tržišta rada karakteriziraju sve raznolikiji oblici zapošljavanja.
  • Očekuje se da će neki novi oblici zapošljavanja nastaviti rasti zbog dvostruke tranzicije u smjeru digitalnog doba i ugljično neutralnog gospodarstva. Međutim, za neke novi oblike zapošljavanja trend bi mogao biti negativan zbog utjecaja pandemije bolesti COVID-19 na gospodarstvo i tržište rada.
  • Mnoge nove oblike zapošljavanja potiče potreba za fleksibilnošću poslodavaca/klijenata ili radnika. U razvoju novih oblika zapošljavanja ključno je zajamčiti da navedena fleksibilnost ne naruši zaštitu radnika.
  • Pitanja radnog vremena, zastupanja, kao i zdravlja i sigurnosti na radu, moraju se riješiti u pogledu nekoliko novih oblika zapošljavanja, uključujući mobilni rad koji se temelji na IKT-u, rad na platformi, povremeni rad i rad na osnovi vrijednosnih kupona.
  • U pogledu nekih novih oblika zapošljavanja nejasnoće u pogledu radnog odnosa mogle bi pridonijeti segmentaciji tržišta rada.

Eurofound research

To fill existing knowledge gaps, since 2013 Eurofound has been exploring the characteristics of emerging forms of employment in EU Member States. The research looks at the implications for working conditions and the labour market.

Categorising new forms of employment

In 2015, Eurofound conducted a Europe-wide mapping exercise to identify emerging trends. This exercise led to the categorisation of nine broad types of employment forms that are new or have become increasingly important in European Member States since 2000: employee sharing, job sharing, voucher-based work, interim management, casual work, ICT-based mobile work, platform work, portfolio work and collaborative employment. A range of case studies, carried out as part of the study, show how these new employment forms operate in Member States and their effects on working conditions and the labour market.

In 2020, Eurofound conducted a follow-up review of new forms of employment which tracked their scale, scope and incidence and highlighted their increasing relevance for European labour markets. 

 

New trends emerging

Eurofound continues to examine in more detail some of the new trends identified. Research in 2016 looked in particular at the win–win potential of strategic employee sharing for both employers and employees. In 2020, a study on telework and ICT-mobile work (T/ICTM) analysed the implications of these arrangements on employment and working conditions. 

Key outputs

ef20027en_card_cover.png

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms...

15 prosinca 2020
Publication
Research report
blog_pandora-box-platform-economy.jpg

We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on...

Blog

Current and ongoing research

Kako bi se popunile postojeće praznine u znanju, Eurofound je od 2013. počeo istraživati obilježja novih oblika zapošljavanja u državama članicama EU-a. U istraživanju je proučavan i njihov utjecaj na radne uvjete i tržište rada.

Kategoriziranje novih oblika zapošljavanja

Eurofound je 2015. proveo istraživanje na razini cijele Europe kako bi utvrdio nove trendove. Istraživanje je rezultiralo kategoriziranjem devet opsežnih vrsta oblika zapošljavanja koji su novi ili su postali važni u državama članicama Europske unije od 2000.: dijeljenje zaposlenika, dijeljenje radnog mjesta, rad na osnovi vrijednosnih kupona, privremeno upravljanje, povremeni rad, mobilni rad koji se temelji na IKT-u, rad na platformi, rad za portfelj klijenata i suradničko zapošljavanje. Niz studija slučajeva provedenih u okviru istraživanja pokazuje kako ti novi oblici zapošljavanja djeluju u državama članicama i kako utječu na radne uvjete i tržište rada.

Eurofound je 2020. proveo recenziju novih oblika zapošljavanja s ciljem praćenja njihova razmjera, opsega i učestalosti, u kojoj je istaknuta njihova povećana važnost za europska tržišta rada.

Pojavljuju se novi trendovi

Eurofound nastavlja detaljnije ispitivati neke od novih utvrđenih trendova. Istraživanja iz 2016. posebno su razmatrala potencijal dijeljenja strateških zaposlenika koji je povoljan i za poslodavce i za zaposlenike. U 2020. provedeno je istraživanje o radu kod kuće i mobilnom radu koji se temelji na IKT-u (T/IKTM) i analizirane su posljedice takvih oblika rada na zapošljavanje i radne uvjete.

 

 

 

Eurofound expert(s)

dragos-adascalitei-2023.png

Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of...

Research officer,
Employment research unit
Publications results (24)

The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing n

16 May 2023

U ovom je izvješću predstavljeno Eurofoundovo istraživanje o radu na daljinu tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 2020. i 2021. U njemu se istražuju promjene u učestalosti rada na daljinu, radni uvjeti zaposlenika koji rade od kuće i izmjene propisa kojima se rješavaju pitanja povezana s tom

08 December 2022

Tehnološka promjena ubrzava zajedno s rastom mogućnosti elektroničkih uređaja da digitalno pohranjuju, obrađuju i prenose informacije. Digitalizacija transformira gospodarstvo i tržišta rada EU-a: gotovo trećina radnih mjesta u EU-u smatraju se visoko digitaliziranima. Koje su posljedice digitalne

15 December 2021

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation

02 December 2021

Although standard employment (generally full-time and permanent) remains the dominant employment type across the EU, European labour markets are increasingly characterised by a variety of different forms. These new forms of employment involve new formal employment relationships or work patterns

15 December 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

What have been the major trends and policy developments regarding the flexibilisation of employment in recent years? Eurofound’s work programme for 2017–2020 set out to document and capture these changes in the world of work. This flagship publication provides an overview of developments in Europe

16 April 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Online resources results (7)

Platform work and employment conditions Informal meeting of EU Employment and Social Policy Ministers (EPSCO), 19 July 2018, Vienna, Austria Presentation by Juan Menéndez-Valdés, Director, Eurofound

19 srpnja 2018

Italy: Renewal of the collective agreement in the logistics sector to meet old and new challenges

In December 2017, social partners renewed the collective agreement for the Italian logistics sector, which had expired two years earlier. The agreement, after a period of unrest, addresses continuing developments in the sector, which are significantly reshaping sectoral business and employment

Italy: New rules to protect call centre workers

Measures have been introduced in Italy to protect its 80,000 call centre workers from the negative effects of increasing competitive pressures on employment, delocalisation and working conditions. Employers and unions in the sector have also adopted new rules aimed at avoiding social dumping

Italy: New voucher-based work scheme provokes debate

Italy’s parliament has introduced new voucher-based work schemes for occasional work. The regulations cap the amount that can be earned or paid in this way, and companies with more than five permanent employees may not use vouchers. However, there are few other limits on voucher-based work and the

UK: Plans to outlaw exclusivity clauses for zero hours contracts

A bill banning exclusivity clauses in zero hours contracts was introduced to parliament in July 2014 (although the government has resisted calls for an outright ban on such contracts). Exclusivity clauses stop workers from seeking work with other employers, even when no amount of work is set out in

New rules on hiring casual labour

/In Norway, new rules to protect hired labourers have been introduced. Both trade unions and the Labour Inspection Authority have been given greater powers to ensure that the hiring of labour complies with the law. Employer organisations are highly critical of the changes made to the legal framework

Improved quality of work for casual workers

In 1997, a form of employment was introduced based on the ‘casual employee booklet’, the so-called ‘blue booklet’ (/Alkalmi munkavállalói könyv/ or /Kék könyv/), and on the payment of reduced employer rates and taxes, as set out by Act 1997/LXXIV. The law enables the employer to pay wage

Blogs results (9)
ef22043.png

Whether it is couch surfing, baby-sitting, pizza delivery or getting Ikea furniture assembled by somebody who can do it better, platforms can mediate all kinds of voluntary or professional services. Platform work is at the heart of the ‘sharing economy’. But while this may sound like a new form of

31 ožujka 2022
ef21067.png

While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion. The well-known

24 veljače 2021
ef20086.png

Standard employment is not simply being replaced by non-standard work; employment is becoming more diverse, and policy must accordingly become more tailored. The last decade has seen much public and policy debate on the future of work. Standard employment – permanent, full-time and subject to labour

15 prosinca 2020
blog_pandora-box-platform-economy.jpg

We hear more and more about the platform economy, with the debate often revolving around the potential long-term implications of its growth on the labour market and the impact on traditional and established businesses and industries.

28 siječnja 2020
image_blog_patform_work_17102019.png

It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 listopada 2019
image_1_blog_flexibility_14052019.png

Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 svibnja 2019
image_blog_platform_work_02112018.jpg

In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 studenog 2018
three_vectors_image.png

Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

swuhn6xbfpnbwe0pbito.jpg

Most discussions on the future of work are dominated by the impact of key changes in society, such as the digital revolution and demographic changes. These changes raise various issues of concern, sometimes suggesting contradictory trends such as labour shortages linked to an ageing population, or

25 srpnja 2016

Disclaimer

When freely submitting your request, you are consenting Eurofound in handling your personal data to reply to you. Your request will be handled in accordance with the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data. More information, please read the Data Protection Notice.