Javne usluge
Javne usluge poput zdravstva, socijalne skrbi, obrazovanja i prometa ključne su za postizanje visokih razina socijalne zaštite, društvene kohezije i socijalne uključenosti. No, kvaliteta i pristup uslugama određuju njihov uspjeh u promjenjivom društvenom i demografskom okruženju. Izazov za donositelje politika je osigurati dizajn i pružanje zdravstvenih i socijalnih usluga koje zadovoljavaju različite potrebe građana. Taj je izazov dodatno otežan ozbiljnim financijskim ograničenjima i rastućom potražnjom, dijelom potaknutom demografskim starenjem, a dijelom i priljevom izbjeglica u Europu. Osim pristupačnosti i kvalitete, pojavljuju se i noviji problemi. To uključuje mogućnosti digitalizacije, zajedno s rizikom da novi digitalni kanali za pružanje usluga mogu izolirati već ugrožene zajednice te potencijalnu prijetnju rastuće raznolikosti pružatelja usluga u pristupu i kvaliteti javnih usluga.
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Europe’s digital welfare revolution: Progress at what price?
As Europe races to digitalise its social protection systems, the promise of efficiency collides with the reality of exclusion—creating a paradox where the most vulnerable risk being left furthest behind.Rad za djecu je važan: pregled pružanja usluga i radne snage u Europi
Promicanje dobrobiti djece i borba protiv siromaštva djece ključni su ciljevi nove Europske komisije. U ovom se izvješću analiziraju trendovi i razlike u dostupnosti usluga za djecu koje je potrebno riješiti kako bi se to postiglo. Nadalje, s obzirom na to da osoblje ima ključnu ulogu u određivanju kvalitete i dostupnosti tih usluga, u ovom se izvješću opisuje trenutačno stanje radnih uvjeta osoblja i mogućnosti osposobljavanja. Dobri radni uvjeti i cjenovno pristupačne visokokvalitetne usluge, kao što su rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje, također imaju ključnu ulogu u poticanju sudjelovanja na tržištu rada i povećanju produktivnosti.
Social protection 2.0: Unemployment and minimum income benefits
This report focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits for people of working age. Individuals with short or no employment records (mainly young people), the self-employed, those with non-standard working arrangements, and the long-term unemployed are often not entitled to higher-tier, or any, unemployment benefits. No Member State was identified where more than 80% of those entitled to minimum income benefits receive them. Benefit recipients at higher risk of having an inadequate income include those without access to social housing in areas with high housing costs, unemployed individuals whose most recent job was low paid and the long-term unemployed people. The report also investigates the rejection of applications (frequently, around 30% are rejected), the digitalisation of application processes (most common for unemployment benefits) and economic activation requirements (typically, 1–6% of benefit recipients annually are sanctioned for not complying with activity requirements) and service entitlements.
Eurofound proučava potrebe građana općenito, s posebnim naglaskom na mlade, starije osobe i one s tjelesnim ili mentalnim zdravstvenim problemima. Prati i analizira promjene u javnim uslugama uzrokovane proračunskim ograničenjima, promjenama politika te napretkom tehnologije i digitalizacije. Eurofoundova istraživanja o javnim uslugama također ispituju perspektive pružatelja usluga i njihov odgovor na promjenjive potrebe korisnika.
Paket socijalnih ulaganja Europske komisije, pokrenut 2013., pozvao je države članice da stave veći naglasak na visokokvalitetne javne usluge. Naglasio je važnost poboljšanja pristupa ranom obrazovanju i skrbi za djecu, kao i kvalitetnoj zdravstvenoj skrbi kao ključnom elementu za poboljšanje općeg zdravlja i održavanje produktivnosti radne snage. U svibnju 2019. Vijeće EU-a usvojilo je Preporuku o visokokvalitetnim sustavima ranog obrazovanja i skrbi za djecu kako bi podržalo države članice u poboljšanju pristupa i kvalitete usluga koje pružaju. Nakon toga, u lipnju 2021. usvojeno je Europsko jamstvo za djecu koje ima za cilj osigurati da sva djeca imaju pristup najosnovnijim pravima poput zdravstvene skrbi i obrazovanja.
Nadalje, strategija Digitalnog jedinstvenog tržišta Komisije za Europu, usvojena 2015., stavlja naglasak na modernizaciju javnih usluga kao način povećanja konkurentnosti. Prihvaćanje novih tehnologija, online javnih usluga i prekogranične interoperabilnosti ključno je za povećanje isplativosti i kvalitete usluga. EU Digitalno desetljeće, najavljeno 2021. godine, postavlja viziju digitalne transformacije Europe do 2030. godine. Opisuje četiri ključna područja, od kojih je jedno digitalizacija javnih usluga.
Europska komisija: Paket socijalnih ulaganjaopens in new tab
Europska komisija: Odbor za socijalnu zaštituopens in new tab
Europska komisija: Europsko jamstvo za djecuopens in new tab
Europska komisija: Digitalno desetljeće Europe: digitalni ciljevi za 2030opens in new tab.
Europska komisija: Promicanje našeg europskog načina životaopens in new tab
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20 September 2023
Guaranteeing access to services for children in the EU
The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing. This is done using a convergence analysis, which tracks whether Member States are improving in respect of specific performance indicators and whether disparities between them are expanding or narrowing. The analysis, where possible, also looks at the differences between urban and rural areas and between children living in households with different levels of income and risk of social exclusion. The indicators chosen for analysis highlight the links between the Guarantee, the European Semester and the Social Scoreboard.
16 August 2023
Social services in Europe: Adapting to a new reality
This report addresses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on social services in the EU. While the pandemic negatively affected social services, it nevertheless provided lessons on how to adapt them in response to new challenges and social risks. One lesson, for instance, is that policies should be developed to make better use of digitalisation in the sector, to improve access to new technologies and training for both workers and services’ target groups. And, most importantly, there is a need for clear contingency plans and funding for adaptation in times of crisis.
An increase in public expenditure on social protection, healthcare and education was a critical part of the pandemic response. However, there is uncertainty about the future development of social services in the context of the overarching policy interest and investment in the green and digital transition. This implies that the contribution of social services to the resilience of European societies needs to remain in the policy debate and that policies should be further fine-tuned.
7 September 2022
Access to essential services for people on low incomes: Energy, public transport and digital communications
In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For this exercise, the scope was on energy services, public transport, and digital communications, and the focus on people at risk of poverty or social exclusion (in most cases in practice, people on low incomes). This paper provides an overview of the measures in the Member States based mainly on the inputs from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, collected in February–March 2022. The paper reviews the measures across the entire EU by clustering the major types or targets of the measures to make essential services accessible, and by succinctly listing main country-level examples. It provides information for understanding the diversity and similarities of the measures applied and suggests pointers on areas where policy action could be developed.
30 September 2021
COVID-19: A turning point for upward convergence in health and healthcare in the EU?
The impact of COVID-19 has moved public health up the EU social policy agenda. As the EU directs its efforts towards establishing a European Health Union to guard against future health crises, this policy brief examines the extent to which the EU achieved upward convergence in terms of health and healthcare outcomes, as well as health expenditures and delivery, prior to the pandemic. It also examines convergence patterns in infections and deaths from COVID-19 and in the mitigating measures adopted by the EU and national governments.
The findings indicate that, from 2008 to 2019, the health of EU citizens improved overall, and Member States converged in health outcomes, but disparities in government expenditures and delivery of health services continued to widen. Against this background, the COVID-19 pandemic caused further divergence, with death and infection tolls varying greatly across countries. The policy brief stresses that a European Health Union would ideally not only reinforce the crisis preparedness of the EU but also ultimately enable convergence in health and healthcare indicators across its Member States.
14 December 2020
Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions
The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report maps the LTC workforce’s working conditions and the nature of employment and role of collective bargaining in the sector. It also discusses policies to make the sector more attractive, combat undeclared work and improve the situation of a particularly vulnerable group of LTC workers: live-in carers. The report ends with a discussion and policy pointers on addressing expected staff shortages and the challenges around working conditions.
8 October 2020
Access to care services: Early childhood education and care, healthcare and long-term care
The right of access to good-quality care services is highlighted in the European Pillar of Social Rights. This report focuses on three care services: early childhood education and care (ECEC), healthcare, and long-term care. Access to these services has been shown to contribute to reducing inequalities throughout the life cycle and achieving equality for women and persons with disabilities. Drawing on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents and Eurofound’s own research, the report presents an overview of the current situation in various EU Member States, Norway and the UK, outlining barriers to the take-up of care services and differences in access issues between population groups. It pays particular attention to three areas that have the potential to improve access to services: ECEC for children with disabilities and special educational needs, e-healthcare and respite care.
Istraživači Eurofounda pružaju stručne uvide i mogu ih se kontaktirati za pitanja ili upite medija.
Daniel Molinuevo
Senior research managerDaniel Molinuevo voditelj je istraživanja u odjelu za socijalne politike, a Eurofoundu se pridružio 2010. Njegova istraživanja o zdravstvenoj i socijalnoj skrbi usredotočila su se na kvalitetu i dostupnost usluga, njihovu digitalnu transformaciju i radne uvjete osoblja. Njegov je rad uglavnom bio usmjeren na usluge za djecu, kako u Eurofoundu tako i u UNICEF-u, gdje je 2021. radio podupirući provedbu Europskog jamstva za djecu. Studirao je sociologiju u Salamanci u Španjolskoj i na Sveučilištu Humboldt u Berlinu. Magistrirao je europske političke i administrativne studije na College of Europe u Brugesu i magistrirao europsku socijalnu politiku na London School of Economics, gdje je također radio kao istraživač.
Hans Dubois
Senior research managerHans Dubois viši je voditelj istraživanja u odjelu za socijalne politike pri Eurofoundu. Njegove istraživačke teme uključuju stanovanje, prezaduženost, zdravstvenu zaštitu, dugotrajnu skrb, socijalne naknade, mirovinu i kvalitetu života u lokalnom području. Prije nego što se pridružio Eurofoundu, bio je docent na Sveučilištu Kozminski (Varšava). Doktorirao je poslovnu administraciju i menadžment na Sveučilištu Bocconi (Milano), nakon što je radio kao istraživački službenik u Europskom opservatoriju za zdravstvene sustave i politike (Madrid).
Ovaj odjeljak pruža pristup cjelokupnom sadržaju koji je objavljen o temi.
