Bem-estar subjetivo
O bem-estar subjetivo refere-se a como as pessoas percebem a qualidade de suas vidas. Promover o bem-estar dos seus cidadãos é um objetivo fundamental para a UE e ganhou protagonismo na agenda da política social na última década. Isso inclui diferenças ou desigualdades na saúde.
Encontre abaixo os conteúdos mais recentes sobre este tema.
The roots of Europe's mental health crisis run deep
This article looks at the trends, the groups at risk, the services and policies in the area of mental health. The European Commission’s communication on a comprehensive approach to mental health, adopted in June 2023, aims to place mental health on an equal footing with physical health and ensure a new, cross-sectoral approach to mental health issues. But, solutions must be sought not only narrowly within mental health care, but also in improving living and working conditions and facilitating social and economic inclusion.Quality of life in the EU in 2024: Results from the Living and Working in the EU e-survey
Eurofound’s e-survey captures the situation of European respondents and their post-pandemic concerns. This factsheet outlines the most recent data on the main challenges faced by Europeans, with a particular emphasis on the rising cost of living, health and mental health, access to healthcare services, work–life balance, and changes in telework opportunities. View the publication or read the findings in digital format via the related content.
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida
Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida (EQLS)Eurofound tem um conjunto excepcionalmente vasto de indicadores de bem-estar subjetivo (26 indicadores no inquérito de 2016). Duas medidas globais são normalmente incluídas para capturar o bem-estar subjetivo geral:
satisfação com a vida, que permite que as pessoas forneçam uma avaliação geral de sua vida
felicidade geral, o que permite que as pessoas façam uma avaliação mais emocional de como se sentem
Indicadores de bem-estar
A Eurofound lançou o seu primeiro EQLS em 2003, tendo concluído o seu quarto inquérito em 2016. O quadro conceptual utilizado no EQLS está, de um modo geral, em conformidade com as orientações da OCDE. Aborda o bem-estar subjetivo por meio de três grupos de indicadores:
Bem-estar avaliativo – satisfação com a vida e satisfação com domínios da vida
afeto positivo e negativo – felicidade, vitalidade, sensação de calma, sensação de alegria, sensação de depressão
Bem-estar eudaimônico – otimismo, autonomia, senso de propósito, tempo para aproveitar a vida e resiliência
As descobertas do EQLS mostram que os determinantes mais fortes de maior satisfação com a vida e felicidade são ter um senso de propósito, seguido de otimismo sobre o futuro e a autonomia.
A saúde é outro determinante fundamental do bem-estar. Os dados do EQLS lançam luz sobre as alterações na saúde declarada pelo próprio para a população da UE no seu conjunto e em relação a grupos que suscitam especial preocupação. No que diz respeito à saúde mental e bem-estar, o EQLS faz várias perguntas que podem ser usadas para construir o Índice de Bem-estar Mental da OMS (OMS-5).
O EQLS 2016 incluiu dois itens adicionais que medem a resiliência para capturar a capacidade percebida de lidar com problemas e o tempo que leva para se recuperar. A resiliência percebida se correlaciona positivamente com as variáveis de bem-estar mental.
O artigo 3.º do Tratado da União Europeia sublinha a importância de a UE promover o bem-estar dos seus povos e de trabalhar em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável da Europa. O Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais reitera este objetivo e salienta que uma Europa social forte consiste em colocar as pessoas e o seu bem-estar no centro. Boa saúde e bem-estar também são um dos 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU.
Para capturar as complexidades em torno das sociedades modernas, a iniciativa Além do PIB da Comissão Europeia visa medir o progresso, a verdadeira riqueza e o bem-estar, desenvolvendo indicadores que complementam os números do PIB, mas são mais inclusivos dos aspectos ambientais e sociais do progresso. Além disso, os indicadores de qualidade de vida do Eurostat fornecem estatísticas recentes sobre várias dimensões da qualidade de vida na UE, complementando também o indicador do PIB tradicionalmente utilizado.
O Quadro de Ação Europeu da OMS para a Saúde Mental e o Bem-Estar 2021-2025, cofinanciado pela Comissão, apoia os Estados-Membros da UE na revisão das suas políticas e na partilha de experiências para melhorar a eficiência e a eficácia das políticas.
Em um contexto global, a Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) produziu diretrizes sobre a coleta e o uso de medidas de bem-estar subjetivo.
Comissão Europeia: Plano de Ação sobre o Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociaisopens in new tab
Nações Unidas: Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentávelopens in new tab
Comissão Europeia: Medidas alternativas de progresso para além do PIB opens in new tab
Eurostat: Indicadores de qualidade de vidaopens in new tab e bem-estar subjetivo - estatísticasopens in new tab
OCDE: Diretrizes da OCDE sobre a medição do bem-estar subjetivoopens in new tab
Esta é uma seleção dos resultados mais importantes sobre este tema.
21 May 2024
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
7 December 2022
Living, working and COVID-19 in the European Union and 10 EU neighbouring countries
The Living, working and COVID-19 survey, first launched by Eurofound in early 2020, aims to capture the wide-ranging impact of the pandemic on the work and lives of EU citizens. The fifth round of the Eurofound survey, which was implemented in spring 2022, also sheds light on a new uncertain reality caused by the war in Ukraine, record-high inflation and sharp rises in the cost of living. As a pilot survey, a shorter version of the questionnaire was fielded by the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 10 European Union (EU) neighbouring countries. This joint Eurofound-ETF factsheet presents a selection of results from the survey covering both the EU-27 and the 10 selected EU neighbouring countries.
The results reveal at least one clear commonality across respondents from all countries: serious concerns about the rising cost of living. At the same time, the results point to a large divergence in living and working conditions between respondents in the two groups of countries, but also show large differences within the EU itself and amongst the selected EU neighbouring countries.
28 January 2022
COVID-19 and older people: Impact on their lives, support and care
This report captures the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the quality of life of older citizens, including the impact on their well-being, finances, employment and social inclusion. It explores the effects on the use of care services and older people’s reliance on other support. The report presents policy measures that have been implemented in EU Member States to support older people along all of the above-mentioned dimensions. These include measures to support independent living and schemes to support the labour market integration of older people or to prevent unemployment, all of which play a role in the quality of life of older citizens.
9 November 2021
Impact of COVID-19 on young people in the EU
Following a long recovery from the economic crisis (2007–2013), young people in the EU proved to be more vulnerable to the effects of the restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young people were more likely than older groups to experience job loss, financial insecurity and mental health problems. They reported reduced life satisfaction and mental well-being associated with the stay-at-home requirements and school closures. While governments responded quickly to the pandemic, most efforts to mitigate the effects of restrictions were temporary measures aimed at preventing job loss and keeping young people in education. This report explores the effects of the pandemic on young people, particularly in terms of their employment, well-being and trust in institutions, and assesses the various policy measures introduced to alleviate these effects.
27 January 2020
What makes capital cities the best places to live?
Quality of life data show that in most countries, the capital city has advantages compared to the regions outside the capital. In light of the continued growth of capital city populations and the concentration of resources within them, this policy brief explores the source of the advantages of capital cities in quality of life. Are these advantages mostly related to specific demographics that these cities nurture and attract? Or do these advantages stem from opportunities that major cities provide due to their scale and economic growth?
The policy brief aims to clarify why policy should focus on both the economy and society when it comes to advancing economic, social and territorial cohesion.
19 December 2019
Household composition and well-being
Demographic change, social progress and economic cycles have impacted household composition in Europe. This report provides an overview of household types in the European Union, how they have changed over the period 2007–2017 and how household type relates to outcomes in terms of living conditions and well-being – such as life satisfaction, the feeling of social exclusion and mental well-being. Changes in household structure have a potential impact on demand for public services and social benefits. The report also discusses the policy implications of changing household composition and recent policies responding to the increasing diversity of households. The report underlines the importance of recognition of diverse family forms, of the provision of social support, and of family policy measures complementing income support in reducing inequality of well-being among households.
12 November 2018
Social cohesion and well-being in Europe
This report provides an analysis of European societies in terms of social cohesion – in particular, social tensions, perceived social exclusion and community engagement are explored as key dimensions. It analyses the links between societal characteristics (quality of society) and well-being of different social groups. The analysis looks at how perceived levels of societal tensions have changed in European societies over time (2003–2016). It also examines which dimensions of social cohesion are most important for individual well-being. The report is based on data from Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey 2016, the fourth survey since 2003.
Os investigadores da Eurofound disponibilizam os seus conhecimentos especializados e podem ser contactados para questões ou pedidos dos meios de comunicação social.
Eszter Sándor
Senior research managerEszter Sandor é gestora sénior de investigação na unidade de Políticas Sociais da Eurofound. Ela tem experiência em metodologia de pesquisa e análise estatística, trabalhou na preparação e gerenciamento da Pesquisa Europeia de Qualidade de Vida e, mais recentemente, da pesquisa eletrônica Living, working and COVID-19, e é responsável pela qualidade do conjunto de dados. Suas áreas de pesquisa são o bem-estar dos jovens e a qualidade de vida em famílias e famílias, incluindo bem-estar subjetivo, equilíbrio entre vida profissional e pessoal e condições de vida. Ela já trabalhou como consultora econômica na Escócia com foco em avaliações de impacto econômico, avaliações e análise de insumo-produto. Ela tem mestrado em Economia e Relações Internacionais pela Universidade Corvinus de Budapeste.
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