Small and medium-sized enterprises

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are defined by the European Commission as having less than 250 employees. SMEs are the backbone of Europe's economy. They represent 99% of all businesses in the EU. In the past five years, they have created around 85% of new jobs and provided two-thirds of the total private sector employment in the EU. The European Commission considers SMEs and entrepreneurship as key to ensuring economic growth, innovation, job creation, and social integration in the EU. The European Commission policy in relation to SMEs supports start-ups and scale-ups in particular. Internationalisation beyond the EU increases SMEs' performance, enhances competitiveness, and reinforces sustainable growth.

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23 October 2025

SME digitalisation in the EU: Trends, policies and impacts
+1
Franz Ferdinand Eiffeand 4 other authors
This report discusses the digital transformation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union, highlighting its importance for their competitiveness and the EU’s economy. The report explores the degree of digitalisation in SMEs in the EU, including the adoption of digital technologies, e-commerce and e-business practices.
Ψηφιακή ιστορία

25 October 2024

Company practices to tackle labour shortages
Tina Weber,
Dragoș Adăscăliței
This report centres on the recruitment and retention measures that organisations have deployed to address labour shortages, based on 17 case studies in different sectors and across 13 Member States. The report includes an update to previous Eurofound research on trends in labour shortages and labour market slack.
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10 September 2024

Company practices to tackle labour shortages
Tina Weber,
Dragoș Adăscăliței

This report provides updated evidence on the persistence of labour shortages amid declining levels of labour market slack in the EU and at Member State level. This serves as a background to the main focus of the report, which is on organisational policies aimed at attracting workers to occupations in which shortages are common. Case studies were conducted across sectors and Member States to gain an insight into how organisations deal with recruitment and retention challenges in a tight labour market. The report offers lessons on steps employers can take to fill vacancies, whether acting alone or in partnership with other organisations. It builds on previous Eurofound research that developed a taxonomy of actions employers adopt aimed at addressing labour shortages.

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12 September 2022

Άρθρο

Policies to support EU companies affected by the war in Ukraine

As the war in Ukraine has intensified, the cost of food, raw materials and energy prices, already high due to the COVID-19 pandemic, has continued to rise substantially. Ahead of coordinated action at EU level, as agreed by EU energy ministers on 9 September 2022, governments across the EU have started to implement policies to support companies affected by the rising prices, and those with commercial ties to Ukraine, Russia or Belarus. This article summarises these first policy responses, as reported in Eurofound’s EU PolicyWatch database, up to 31 May 2022.

9 December 2021

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Business not as usual: How EU companies adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic

This report aims to support European businesses in navigating the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on workplace practices and features that have helped establishments across the EU to develop operational resilience while keeping employees and customers safe. The report investigates how EU establishments initially reacted to the external shock brought about by the outbreak of the pandemic and how they subsequently adapted their workplaces. It also explores the impact of the pandemic on the health and well-being of workers and how the COVID-19 outbreak and subsequent disruptions affected business operations and work organisation.

30 June 2021

Σύνοψη πολιτικής

Innovation in EU companies: Do workplace practices matter?

The EU has long supported innovation in business and in workplaces. The challenges facing Europe as it emerges from the COVID-19 crisis make the need for innovation more urgent. The NextGenerationEU recovery package requires a reorientation of business activities towards innovation for resilience. Looking to the longer term, policies such as the European Industrial Strategy aim to support the transition to a green and digital economy.
Against this background, this policy brief investigates the workplace practices of innovative companies and examines the evidence linking them with innovation. These practices aim to encourage employees to work and problem-solve independently, to develop their skills, to include them in organisational decision-making, to motivate them to surpass their job description and to reward them for doing so. Analysis of these workplace practices can improve understanding of how they contribute to increasing the innovation potential of companies. It also provides an evidence base to support the work of policymakers and practitioners.

5 November 2020

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Working conditions in sectors

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective, using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). The report first outlines the sectoral characteristics underpinning employment – economic structure, demographics, occupational level and employment status. It then goes on to focus on four main topics: changing tasks, skills, training and employability; non-standard employment and employment security; health, well-being and flexible work organisation; and employee representation and voice. Differences in working conditions arising from age, gender, occupation and education level are taken into account. According to the analysis, developing measures to address relevant issues such as skills development, job security and work intensity should be a priority for policy. The data also show that the presence of employee representation and voice is key to improving the situation of employees.

15 June 2020

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Social dialogue and HR practices in European global companies

This study examines the interaction between social dialogue practices and human resources management (HRM) policies in European multinational companies (MNCs). It looks at the changing role of HRM and its interaction with European Works Councils (EWCs), which can act as a link between different levels of social dialogue. Both HRM functions and social dialogue are under pressure from a variety of trends and dynamics – not least, ongoing technological change. Sharing practices related to the involvement of EWCs in corporate decisions has made a valuable contribution to company operation and culture across the EU. The positive interaction between HRM policies and worker representation structures should help companies and sectors restructure and adapt accordingly, including dealing with the risk of increasing wage inequality and polarisation in working conditions.

22 January 2020

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Game-changing technologies: Transforming production and employment in Europe

Innovation and technological advancement are natural features of developed economies, and they are necessary to maintain and improve sustainable competitiveness in an era of globalisation. However, while most innovation tends to be incremental, some has a disruptive effect on production and service provision, the labour market and social dialogue. This report discusses a selection of eight so-called ‘game-changing technologies’ (advanced robotics, additive manufacturing, the Internet of Things, electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles, industrial biotechnologies, blockchain and virtual and augmented reality). Each of these has the potential to substantially change business activities, work and employment in Europe. Looking at both the manufacturing and services sectors, this report gives an indication of how these technologies might be adopted and how they are expected to affect the labour market.

Εμπειρογνώμονες σχετικά με Small and medium-sized enterprises

Οι ερευνητές του Eurofound παρέχουν εξειδικευμένες γνώσεις και μπορούν να επικοινωνήσουν μαζί τους για ερωτήσεις ή αιτήματα από τα μέσα ενημέρωσης.

Franz Ferdinand Eiffe

Research manager
Working life research

Ο Franz Eiffe είναι διευθυντής έρευνας στη μονάδα εργασιακού βίου του Eurofound. Συμμετέχει σε έργα βιώσιμης εργασίας, ποσοτικών αναλύσεων και ανοδικής σύγκλισης στην ΕΕ, καθώς και στην προετοιμασία της τέταρτης Έρευνας Ευρωπαϊκών Εταιρειών. Πριν από την ένταξή του στο Eurofound το 2016, ήταν προϊστάμενος της μονάδας «Ανάλυση» στη Στατιστική Υπηρεσία της Αυστρίας στη Βιέννη και επικεφαλής του έργου «How is Austria? Μέτρηση του πλούτου και της προόδου πέραν του ΑΕΠ». Είναι κάτοχος διδακτορικού διπλώματος στα Οικονομικά από το Οικονομικό Πανεπιστήμιο της Βιέννης (WU), όπου εργάστηκε επίσης ως επιστημονικός συνεργάτης από το 2005 έως το 2009 και λέκτορας έως το 2016.

Gijs van Houten

Senior research manager
Employment research

Ο Gijs van Houten είναι ανώτερος διευθυντής έρευνας στη μονάδα απασχόλησης του Eurofound. Έχει ειδική εμπειρία στη μεθοδολογία διακρατικών ερευνών και στην ανάλυση πρακτικών και οργανωτικών στρατηγικών στο χώρο εργασίας. Ηγείται της ειδικής ομάδας του Eurofound για τη συλλογή δεδομένων και είναι υπεύθυνος για τον σχεδιασμό και τη μεθοδολογία της Ευρωπαϊκής Έρευνας για τις Συνθήκες Εργασίας 2024, η οποία θα αποτελέσει βασικό βήμα για τη διασφάλιση της ανθεκτικότητας στις μελλοντικές εξελίξεις στο Eurofound. Πριν από την ένταξή του στο Eurofound το 2010, εργάστηκε στο Ολλανδικό Ινστιτούτο Κοινωνικών Ερευνών (SCP). Ο Gijs πέρασε ένα χρόνο μακριά το 2016, εργαζόμενος στο Pew Research Center στην Ουάσινγκτον. Είναι κάτοχος μεταπτυχιακού τίτλου στην Κοινωνιολογία από το Radboud University Nijmegen και διδακτορικού διπλώματος στις Κοινωνικές Επιστήμες από το Πανεπιστήμιο της Ουτρέχτης.

Stavroula Demetriades

Senior research manager
Employment research

Η Σταυρούλα Δημητριάδη είναι ανώτερη διευθύντρια έρευνας στη μονάδα απασχόλησης του Eurofound. Είναι υπεύθυνη για την έρευνα στους τομείς της πράσινης και δίκαιης μετάβασης, του κοινωνικού διαλόγου, των πρακτικών διαχείρισης, της καινοτομίας και της υβριδικής εργασίας. Είναι κάτοχος διδακτορικού διπλώματος στην Κοινωνιολογία από το Πανεπιστήμιο του Aalborg της Δανίας. Έχει επίσης MSc στις Οικονομικές Πολιτικές από το Trinity College Dublin και MSc στην Περιφερειακή Ανάπτυξη από το Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών. Πριν από την ένταξή της στο Eurofound το 1999, εργάστηκε σε ερευνητικά ινστιτούτα, σε διάφορες θέσεις στον δημόσιο και τον ιδιωτικό τομέα, και διεξήγαγε οργανωτικές και κοινωνικοοικονομικές μελέτες. Τα κύρια ερευνητικά της ενδιαφέροντα περιλαμβάνουν την πράσινη και δίκαιη μετάβαση, τη διαχείριση ανθρώπινου δυναμικού, τα συστήματα εργασίας, την καινοτομία, την απασχόληση και τον κοινωνικό διάλογο. Είναι επίσης επίκουρη καθηγήτρια στο Business School του University College Dublin.

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The tripartite EU agency providing knowledge to assist in the development of better social, employment and work-related policies