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Töötingimused ja kestlik töö

Töötingimused ja kestlik töö on üks kuuest Eurofoundi (Euroopa Elu- ja Töötingimuste Parandamise Sihtasutuse) tööprogrammi põhitegevusest aastateks 2021–2024. Eurofound jätkab tegutsemist valdkonna arengute seire ja analüüsi keskusena, jälgides muu hulgas, kuidas COVID-19 kriis on mõjutanud töötingimusi ja töökohtade kvaliteeti ning töökohtade tavasid.

Aastatel 2021–2024 annab Eurofound olulisi ülevaateid ELi töötingimuste ja kestliku töö probleemide ja prognooside kohta. Tuginedes valdkonna pikaajalistele eksperditeadmistele, analüüsib Eurofound suundumusi ja arengut ajas ning tuvastab tekkivad töötingimuste ja töökohtade kvaliteedi probleemid. Analüüs hõlmab eri riike, sektoreid, kutsealasid ja töötajarühmi ning käsitleb näiteks järgmist: töökorraldusja kaugtöötööaegtöö- ja eraelu tasakaal võrdne kohtlemine tervishoid ja heaolu töökohas oskused ja koolitus sissetulek ja väljavaated ning tööga rahulolu. Erilist tähelepanu pööratakse ebastandardsetele tööhõivevormidele , eriti füüsilisest isikust ettevõtjatele.

Arvestades vananevast elanikkonnast tulenevaid ELi demograafilisi probleeme ja tööelu mitmekesisuse suurenemist, jätkab Eurofound tegurite uurimist, mis võimaldavad suuremal arvul töötajatel kauem tööturule jääda. Samuti pööratakse tähelepanu töökohtade kvaliteedi parandamisele, mis võimaldab suuremat osalemist tööturul ja töötajate suuremat motiveeritust, aidates kaasa kestlikule tööle kogu elu jooksul.

Töö ja tervise seoseid uuritakse tihedas koostöös Euroopa Tööohutuse ja Töötervishoiu Ametiga (EU-OSHA). Eurofoundi eesmärk on tugineda koostööle Rahvusvahelise Tööorganisatsiooniga (ILO) küsimustes, mis on seotud töö ja töötingimuste tulevikuga ülemaailmsel tasandil.

„Üldiselt on see hea uudis, sest töötingimused Euroopa Liidus paranevad (isegi kui väga aeglaselt), kuid tekitab muret, et see ei pruugi kehtida kõigi töötajarühmade kohta. See sõltub suuresti sellest, mis sektoris töötada, ja haridustasemest ning – aus olles – ka sellest, kas olete mees või naine.“

Barbara Gerstenberger, tööelu uurimise osakonna juhataja

Topic

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Poliitika põhisõnumid

Infograafik 2021

Eurofoundi uuringute põhitulemused on poliitikakujundajatele sisendiks teatud põhiprobleemide käsitlemisel selles valdkonnas.

  • Töötingimuste parandamine on töötajate ja tööandjate jaoks väga oluline. Arvestada tuleb paljusid töökohtade kvaliteedi aspekte. Kvaliteetsed töökohad võimaldavad inimestele pikemat ja paremat tööelu, toetades kestlikku tööd ning töö- ja eraelu positiivset tasakaalu.
  • Töötingimused ELis üldiselt paranevad, isegi kui arengukiirus on järkjärguline. Teatud töötajarühmade jaoks ei ole areng olnud sama kiire: see sõltub töölepingu liigist, sektorist ja haridustasemest.
  • Töötingimuste ja töökohtade kvaliteedi parandamiseks ELis on palju viise. Valitsustel on loomulikult oluline roll regulatiivse raamistiku kehtestamisel. Olulised osalejad on ka töötajad ja tööandjad ning nende organisatsioonid. Töötamise kvaliteedi paljude mõõtmete puhul toimuvad muutused töökohas.
  • Ainult viiendik Euroopa ettevõtetest on lahendanud saladuse, kuidas saavutada optimaalne tööheaolu ja äritegevuse tulemuslikkus. On tõendatud, et suurte investeeringute ja suure kaasatusega töökohad pakuvad töötajatele ja tööandjatele parimaid tulemusi, suurendades tulemuslikkust ja parandades töökohtade kvaliteeti töötajate iseseisvuse suurendamise, töötajate kaasatuse soodustamise ning koolituse ja õppimise edendamise kaudu.
  • Paljudel inimestel, eriti lapsevanematel ja teistel hooldajatel, on raske ühitada töiseid ja tööväliseid kohustusi. Kuigi paindlik töökorraldus võib aidata nende raskuste lahendamisel, tekitab see ka probleeme. Näiteks kaugtöö annab suurema vabaduse valida, millal ja kus töötada, kuid võib põhjustada ka ületöötunde, olla intensiivsem ja raskendada tööst väljalülitumist.
  • Kaugtöö sagenemine COVID-19 pandeemia ajal on hägustanud töö- ja eraelu piire. Valitsused ja sotsiaalpartnerid arutavad algatusi, et kehtestada õigus katkestada ühendus, et hoida ära suure arvu töötajate sattumine füüsilise ja emotsionaalse kurnatuse ohtu.
  • Tulevikus peavad sotsiaalpartnerid seadma eesmärgi lisada õigusraamistikesse ja kokkulepetesse sätted, mis käsitlevad kaugtöö vabatahtlikkust töötajatele või teatud ülesannete sobivust kaugtööks. Samuti on väga oluline selgitada, kuidas tööandjad osalevad kodunt töötamisega seotud kulude katmises, ning võrdse töötasu ja koolitustele juurdepääsu tagatised neile, kes töötavad kodunt.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (567)

This issue of Foundation Focus looks at work–life balance and some of the factors that help or hinder workers in combining working with non-working life.

23 December 2016

Low-wage jobs have been a focus of debate in six countries across Europe during 2016. However, the issues discussed have reflected differing national concerns. For some countries, the key issue is the integration of migrants into the labour market; for others, how to stimulate job creation and

23 December 2016

The Foundation Seminar Series (FSS) is an opportunity for governments, trade unions and employers to share knowledge and experiences on the development of EU social, employment and work-related policies.

23 December 2016

Although standard employment is still dominant in European labour markets, an increasing range of new employment forms is emerging that differ in their implications for working conditions. This study explores strategic employee sharing, an employment form for companies that have specific HR needs

21 November 2016

The sixth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) builds on the lessons learned from the previous five surveys to paint a wide-ranging picture of Europe at work across countries, occupations, sectors and age groups. EU employment policy priorities aim to boost employment levels, prolong working

17 November 2016

This topical update looks at the issue of employee involvement and participation at work, specifically reviewing recent pieces of research at EU and national level, EU directives, changes in the legal framework, social partner initiatives and debates identified in EurWORK quarterly reports during

25 October 2016

This article summarises the recent developments in collectively agreed pay in the European Union. It discusses the levels at which it is carried out, its coordination and coverage. The wage outcomes are put into the perspective of past collectively agreed wage changes and key institutional variables

19 October 2016

EU Member States have been passing laws to regulate opening hours for shops and businesses on Sundays. However, there are also Member States where new legislation is restricting opening hours. According to the European Working Conditions Survey, the proportion of workers reporting working Sundays

23 September 2016

Many EU Member States have implemented reforms to improve the sustainability of their pension systems. However, the impact of discouraging early retirement and increasing the pension age on effective retirement ages is limited, as many people are unable or unmotivated to work until pension age.

09 September 2016

Developments in Working Life in Europe is part of a series of annual reviews published by Eurofound and provides an overview of the latest developments in industrial relations and working conditions across the European Union and Norway.

05 September 2016

Online resources results (1778)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 aprill 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 jaanuar 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktoober 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


Blogs results (61)
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 november 2019
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Much of the discussion on the future of work is focused on globalisation and technology, and their impacts on the labour market. However, there is also a growing interest in the business models used by cooperatives and social enterprises, and how they can contribute to a better future of work

15 november 2019
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 oktoober 2019
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The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

17 juuli 2019
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The spread of ICT in the economy is changing both the types of jobs that employ people and the types of tasks that people perform in their jobs. The latest research on the content of work suggests that computerisation has boosted the proportion of jobs with social interaction at their core, while at

1 juuli 2019
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Mai 2019
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Company restructuring may hit the headlines less in good times, but it remains a central experience in the working life of many. According to the most recent European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) data, just under one in three (30%) employees in the EU reported that restructuring had taken place

2 Mai 2019
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 märts 2019
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After more than 60 years of European policy on the equal treatment of women and men, men still outnumber women in management positions by almost two to one. The women who do make it into management are more likely to be in non-supervising management roles where they manage operational

7 märts 2019

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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