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Stosunki pracy

Związki zawodowe, organizacje pracodawców i władze publiczne odgrywają ważną rolę w kształtowaniu stosunków pracy. Są wzajemnie powiązanymi elementami systemu, który funkcjonuje na poziomie europejskim, krajowym, sektorowym, regionalnym, a także na poziomie poszczególnych przedsiębiorstw. W ostatnich latach, kiedy technologia i formy pracy nieustannie ewoluują w stale zmieniającym się otoczeniu gospodarczym, systemy stosunków pracy stają przed wyzwaniami o krytycznym znaczeniu.

Z uwagi na powyższe, Komisja Europejska dała w 2015 r. „nowy początek” europejskiemu dialogowi społecznemu. We wspólnym oświadczeniu z czerwca 2016 r. Komisja, Rada Unii Europejskiej i partnerzy społeczni podkreślili jego zasadniczą rolę jako kluczowego elementu unijnej polityki społecznej i zatrudnienia.

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Recent updates

EU context

Działalność Eurofound

Na przestrzeni 40 lat swojego funkcjonowania, Eurofound stał się kluczowym ośrodkiem wiedzy specjalistycznej, w zakresie monitorowania i analizy trendów w stosunkach pracy. Elementem jego działalności są powiązania pomiędzy europejskim i krajowym poziomem dialogu społecznego. Korzystając z wiedzy sieci europejskich korespondentów w 28 państwach członkowskich UE i Norwegii, Eurofound rejestruje zmiany zachodzące we wszystkich państwach członkowskich i na poziomie całej UE. 

Kluczowy wkład

Eurofound opracował szereg analiz porównawczych, artykułów i studiów przypadku dotyczących stosunków pracy w całej UE-28 i w Norwegii. Ponadto tworzy regularnie aktualizowane bazy danych dotyczące zagadnień z nimi związanych.

W najnowszym badaniu wskazano i omówiono kluczowe wymiary i wskaźniki istotne dla systemów stosunków pracy w Europie w XXI wieku. Kolejny nurt badań dotyczy tego, w jaki sposób partnerzy społeczni w UE i Norwegii przeanalizowali i wykorzystali nowe tematy, narzędzia i innowacyjne podejścia, by reagować na nowe wyzwania polityczne, prawne i społeczne, które pojawiły się w ostatnich latach.

Płaca i czas pracy nadal pozostają obszarami ogromnego zainteresowania i są przedmiotem corocznych przeglądów. Jednym z tematów podejmowanych niedawno w ramach aktualizacji zagadnienia wysokości płac były ustawowe poziomy wynagrodzenia minimalnego w całej UE, a także rokowania zbiorowe dotyczące wynagrodzeń.

Od 2006 r. Eurofound prowadzi badania na temat reprezentatywności europejskich organizacji partnerów społecznych działających na poziomie sektorowym, zgodnie z mandatem udzielonym przez Komisję Europejską.

Źródła

Sprawozdania ze zmian w życiu zawodowym

Eurofound dostarcza systematycznych i porównywalnych danych dotyczących krajowych systemów stosunków pracy oraz zmian w życiu zawodowym, z wykorzystaniem narzędzi monitorowania i sprawozdawczości oraz w oparciu o informacje przekazywane przez sieć korespondentów europejskich z 28 państw członkowskich i Norwegii.

Key outputs

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This report examines the average weekly working hours across Europe in 2021 and 2022. It covers important developments resulting from legislative reforms in collective bargaining at national or sectoral level...

24 Październik 2023
Publication
Research report
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Roczny przegląd płac minimalnych w 2023 r. przygotowano w kontekście bezprecedensowej inflacji w całej Europie. Chociaż w wielu państwach inflacja doprowadziła do gwałtownego wzrostu nominalnych stawek płac, w wielu przypadkach...

29 Czerwiec 2023
Publication
Research report
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W ramach swojego mandatu obejmującego promowanie dialogu społecznego Eurofound od ponad 40 lat obserwuje i analizuje zmiany w systemach stosunków pracy na poziomie UE i w państwach członkowskich UE. Sprawozdanie...

11 Grudzień 2020
Publication
Flagship report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Social dialogue in companies, particularly linkages that can be drawn between national and EU level, to better understand of cooperation mechanisms used in decision-making and implementation in multinational companies
    • Exploration of the role of national social partners in the European semester and analysis of quality and effectiveness of their involvement
    • Summary of discussions on capacity-building social dialogue to support a meaningful and effective social dialogue
    • A flagship report on industrial relations covering topics related to both social dialogue and working life developments, including updates on collectively agreed pay
    • Representativeness studies on a variety of sectors to provide the European Commission required information to assess the representativeness of European sectoral social partner organisations
    • Highlights of recent developments of selected features of working life in so called topical updates, with one featuring statutory minimum wages
    • Updated time series in EurWORK database of wages, working time and collective disputes
    • Updated time series and update on developments in collectively agreed pay
    • Exploring the feasibility for an Industrial Action Monitor

    Eurofound expert(s)

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    Ricardo Rodriguez Contreras is a research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and focuses on comparative industrial relations, social dialogue and collective bargaining...

    Research manager,
    Working life research unit
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    Victoria Cojocariu is a research support officer for the representativeness studies in the Working Life unit at Eurofound. She is responsible for the management of the research...

    Research support officer,
    Working life research unit
    Publications results (516)

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the gas sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in the

    06 September 2022

    W niniejszym sprawozdaniu przedstawiono i przeanalizowano przepisy prawne i rokowania zbiorowe w sprawie telepracy w 27 państwach członkowskich i Norwegii. Podkreślono w nim główne różnice i podobieństwa między państwami w zakresie ustawodawstwa dotyczącego telepracy oraz niedawne zmiany w tych

    01 September 2022

    W niniejszym sprawozdaniu przeanalizowano najnowsze zmiany i praktyki w zakresie procesów i wyników rokowań zbiorowych, głównie w sektorze prywatnym. Sprawozdanie obejmuje systemy rokowań zbiorowych w 10 państwach członkowskich UE i opiera się na przypadkach zidentyfikowanych w drodze wywiadów z

    31 August 2022

    Po ostrożnej rundzie ustalania płacy minimalnej na 2021 r. stawki nominalne znacznie wzrosły w 2022 r., jako że negatywne skutki pandemii zmniejszyły się, a stan gospodarek i rynków pracy uległ poprawie. W związku z tym 20 z 21 państw członkowskich UE, w których obowiązują ustawowe wynagrodzenia

    15 June 2022

    This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2021 for 28 countries – the 27 EU Member States and Norway. The country reports summarise evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey results during 2021. They

    19 May 2022

    Digital transformation is changing the world of work. This report looks at how social partners – the actors involved in the regulation of employment relationships – are increasingly adopting technological solutions to improve the services that they provide to their members and facilitate collective

    10 December 2021

    This report analyses and compares the industrial relations landscape in several sectors and activities that form a public service cluster across the 27 EU Member States and the UK – altogether employing over 57 million workers and representing 25% of the total workforce in the economy. It is based

    09 December 2021

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the live performance sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective

    27 October 2021

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the audiovisual sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

    20 October 2021

    This publication consists of individual country reports on working life during 2020 for 29 countries – the 27 EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom. The country reports summarise first evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life based on national research and survey

    23 March 2021

    Online resources results (1688)

    EU level: Latest developments in working life Q2 2020

    Activities of the European Commission and social partners regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, the high-level hearing on implementing the European Pillar of Social Rights and a fair EU minimum wage initiative are the main topics of interest in this article. This EU update reports on the latest

    EU level: Latest developments in working life in light of the COVID-19 pandemic - Q1 2020

    In early March 2020, working life in EU Member States came under enormous pressure due to the rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease and the precautionary measures taken by governments in subsequent weeks. This article gives a brief overview of the first reactions of European institutions and some of

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    EU seeks views on the minimum wage

    Against a background of growing polarisation, it is worth remembering the model of social dialogue that allows us each year to debate and reach thousands of agreements that start from different and distant positions and interests.

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    To have or have not: A statutory minimum wage

    ​​​​​​​Cyprus and Italy are currently considering the introduction of a universal minimum wage floor by law. With this move, they would be joining 22 other EU Member States that already have one in place. In the remaining Member States – Austria, Denmark, Finland and Sweden – and in Norway, too

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    Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

    On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by

    Sweden: latest working life developments Q2 2018

    A historic agreement on industrial action regulations and a narrowing gender pay gap are the main topics of interest in this article. This country update reports on the latest developments in working life in Sweden in the second quarter of 2018.

    Italy: Increasing fragmentation in collective bargaining at sectoral level

    The increasing fragmentation of sectoral agreements in Italy is highlighted in a report, released in November 2017, by the tripartite National Economic and Labour Council. It adds that decentralised bargaining increasingly deals with performance-related pay and welfare benefits. Although this

    Czech Republic: Attitudes to shorter working hours and flexible working

    There is a growing debate in the Czech Republic over moves to shorten working hours and introduce flexible forms of work to improve people’s work–life balance. This has been sparked by research showing that even though employees, especially men, tend to work long hours, labour productivity and


    Blogs results (18)
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    Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power

    15 Czerwiec 2022
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    In the context of the ongoing trend of a fall in collective bargaining coverage, and recent calls at EU level to promote collective bargaining coverage as an instrument to support fair and decent wages, new data from Eurofound’s fourth European Company Survey (ECS) show that two-thirds of workers

    28 Październik 2020
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    The coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is having drastic consequences for the world of work. In most European countries workers who are not delivering essential ‘frontline’ services are being asked to stay home. Unfortunately many are out of work, while many of those who are not are minimum-wage and low

    1 Kwiecień 2020
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    As one of their ‘100 days in office’ initiatives, the new European Commission intends to propose an initiative for an EU minimum wage. The aim is that by 2024 every worker in the EU should earn a fair and adequate wage, no matter where they live.

    15 Styczeń 2020
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    Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

    20 Listopad 2019
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    The International Labour Organization (ILO) met for the first time 100 years ago, and right at the top of the agenda for discussion for this new specialised UN agency was the 8-hour working day. This discussion subsequently resulted in the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention, which stated that ‘The

    12 Listopad 2019
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    The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

    17 Lipiec 2019
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    The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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    Seniority entitlements have largely been on the decline since the 1990s, and have been gradually phased-out from legislation in Europe, as well as in collective agreements. However, it would be premature to dismiss seniority-based entitlements as a thing of the past, as they remain in force across

    17 Kwiecień 2019
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    In this blog piece, originally published in Social Europe, Karel Fric and Camilla Galli da Bino look at the issue of discrimination against men in the workplace in Europe, and the current lack of research in this area.

    1 Maj 2018

    Upcoming publications results (9)

    This report reviews the quality of the national social partners’ involvement in the implementation of the reforms and investments shaping the digital and green transition in the context of national policymaking. These reforms and investments stem mainly from the Recovery and Resilience Facility.

    March 2025

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the extractive industries sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective par

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the construction sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participatio

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the chemical sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation in

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the road transport sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participat

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the postal and courier activities sector. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effec

    November 2024

    This study provides information allowing for an assessment of the representativeness of the actors involved in the European sectoral social dialogue committee for the graphical industry. Their relative representativeness legitimises their right to be consulted, their role and effective participation

    November 2024

    This publication comprises individual country reports on developments in working life in each of the 27 EU Member States and Norway in 2023, based on national research and survey results.

    June 2024

    The 2024 annual review of minimum wages presents the most recent rates of national minimum wages and recalls how they were set and agreed upon during 2023. It includes information on minimum wages set in sectoral collective agreements in countries without national minimum wages.

    June 2024

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