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NEET-i
NEET je kratica za 'ni zaposlen, v izobraževanju ali usposabljanju', ki se uporablja za opis položaja mnogih mladih, starih med 15 in 29 let, v Evropi. Cilj koncepta NEET je razširiti razumevanje ranljivega položaja mladih in bolje spremljati njihov problematičen dostop do trga dela.
Eurofound ponuja vpoglede v to temo z spremljanjem trendov NEET po vsej EU, analizo razlik med spoloma in spremljanjem učinkov kriz, kot sta velika recesija in pandemija COVID-19. Njegove ugotovitve podpirajo politike, kot je Jamstvo za mlade, in poudarjajo potrebo po bolj ciljno usmerjenih ukrepih za mlade ženske in matere.
Najnovejše vsebine na to temo so navedene spodaj.
Young people in the Western Balkans
This report analyses data from Eurofound’s 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey and its 2022 Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, as well as data from official statistics, to examine employment trends, working conditions and the social situation of young people in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia). Employment trends are also presented for Türkiye. This report is part of Eurofound’s ongoing effort to support informed policymaking in EU accession countries through the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA). It is the first output from a project financed by the Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations (DG NEAR) under the auspices of the IPA. Its aim is to provide knowledge that will support better-informed social, employment and work-related policies in the Western Balkans and Türkiye. It offers a comparative perspective between the countries and with the EU based on sound statistical analysis and expert consultation.
Has Europe failed its youth?
In this episode of Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Eszter Sandor and Massimiliano Mascherini about the situation for young people in Europe, from the impacts of the economic crisis and Great Recession to the aftermath COVID-19 pandemic and voting trends in the recent European Parliament elections.They discuss how, while there have been some positive trends in employment in recent years, there are concerning issues facing young people in Europe that need to be overcome – not just for the young people in question, but also for broader economic and societal stability.Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
NEET-i so postali ena najbolj ranljivih skupin po veliki recesiji 2008–2013. Brezposelnost mladih je v mnogih državah EU presegla 40 %, kar poudarja, kako so mladi bolj ranljivi za gospodarsko recesijo kot druge starostne skupine.
V EU27 je delež NEET-ov, starih od 15 do 29 let, dosegel vrh pri 16,1 % leta 2013, z nekaj izboljšav v naslednjih letih zaradi ukrepov politike, kot je Jamstvo za mlade. Do leta 2019 je stopnja padla na 12,6 %, kar je najnižja točka v zadnjih 10 letih.
Pandemija COVID-19 in povezane gospodarske omejitve so prispevale k povečanju stopnje NEET-ov na 13,8 % v letu 2020 zaradi izgube zaposlitve in ovir pri izobraževanju ter usposabljanju mladih. Stopnja NEET-ov se od leta 2021 stalno zmanjšuje in je leta 2023 dosegla najnižjo vrednost doslej, 11,2 %. Poleg tega je delež odvračanih delavcev med populacijo NEET prav tako na najnižji zabeleženi ravni.
Stopnja NEET-ov za mlade ženske, stare od 15 do 29 let v EU, je bila leta 2020 15,5 % in ostaja višja pri 12,5 % v letu 2023 kot 10,1 % za mlade moške. Delež je višji pri mladih ženskah v skoraj vseh državah članicah.
V mnogih državah so mlade matere zdaj bolj verjetno NEET kot mladi moški, pri čemer so družinske obveznosti glavni razlog za NEET. Vendar pa so ukrepi EU, posebej namenjeni mladim materam ali mladim ženskam na splošno, redki. Morda je treba povečati poudarek na spolni dimenziji stopnje NEET.
Zaskrbljujoče ravni duševnega počutja so zabeležene med mladimi v EU, zlasti ko gre za občutke osamljenosti in depresije, kjer mladi bolj trpijo zaradi vpliva pandemije in zmanjšanja socialnih stikov kot starejša populacija.
Z izvajanjem mladinskega jamstva se je število NEET-ov, starih od 15 do 29 let, zmanjšalo, s približno 14 milijonov na vrhuncu krize 2008–2013 na 9,3 milijona v letu 2019 (12,6 %), med pandemijo COVID-19 nato pa ponovno padlo na 8,2 milijona v letu 2023 (11,2 %). Vendar pa raziskave Eurofounda ocenjujejo, da je izguba evropskih gospodarstev zaradi ugodnosti, izgubljenih dohodkov in davkov pomembna (142 milijard evrov letno v letu 2015). To močno vpliva na gospodarski in socialni razvoj EU.
Ker se je položaj mladih poslabšal zaradi pandemije COVID-19, Eurofound analizira vpliv krize na te številke, pri čemer temelji na svojih prejšnjih raziskavah o mladih.
Zmanjševanje brezposelnosti mladih in prizadevanje za učinkovito vključevanje čim več evropskih mladih v svet dela je v središču politične agende EU. Gospodarska kriza 2008–2013 je povzročila visoko stopnjo brezposelnosti mladih in s tem tudi odtujenost mladih. Zaradi tega so raziskovalci in vladni uradniki iskali nove načine spremljanja in analize razširjenosti ranljivosti in odtujenosti na trgu dela med mladimi.
Koncept NEET se od leta 2010 v državah članicah EU široko uporablja kot kazalnik za oblikovanje politik, usmerjenih v mladost, na področju zaposljivosti, izobraževanja, usposabljanja in tudi socialne vključenosti.
NEET so bili prvič posebej omenjeni v evropskih političnih razpravah v vodilni pobudi Evropa 2010 'Mladi v gibanju'. Starostna kategorija, ki jo je zajemal ta izraz, je bila 15–24 let, kasneje pa je bila razširjena tudi na tiste, stare od 15 do 29 let. Koncept je zdaj osrednje vključen v politični diskurz na ravni EU. Leta 2023 je bilo 11,2 % prebivalstva, starega od 15 do 29 let, NEET-ov, kar je zgodovinsko nizka vrednost. Stopnja NEET se je med pandemijo povečala na 13,8 % v letu 2020, vendar od takrat postopoma upada.
Aprila 2013 je bil sprejet predlog Evropske komisije Svetu Evropske unije za uvedbo jamstva za mlade v vseh državah članicah. Zmanjšanje števila NEET-ov je jasen politični cilj Jamstva za mlade. Ta pobuda je želela zagotoviti, da vsi mladi, stari od 15 do 24 let, prejmejo kakovostno ponudbo za zaposlitev, nadaljnje izobraževanje, vajeništvo ali pripravništvo v štirih mesecih po izgubi zaposlitve ali zaključku formalnega izobraževanja. Uvedba Jamstva za mlade v državah članicah prek Iniciative za zaposlovanje mladih je prispevala k izboljšanju razmer na terenu in zmanjšanju števila NEET-ov.
Decembra 2016 je Komisija začela pobudo 'Vlaganje v evropsko mladino', obnovljeno prizadevanje za podporo mladim. Glede na pozitiven vpliv Jamstva za mlade do takrat je Komisija povečala sredstva za pobudo za zaposlovanje mladih do leta 2020, da bi spodbudila učinkovitejše povezovanje z mladimi.
Leta 2018 je bila sprejeta nova mladinska strategija EU in določa okvir za sodelovanje z državami članicami pri njihovih mladinskih politikah za obdobje 2019–2027. Strategija se osredotoča na tri temeljna področja delovanja, osredotočena na besede 'vključiti, povezovati, opolnomočiti'. Medtem je COVID-19 močno vplival na vajeništva in usposabljanja. Za pomoč gospodarskemu okrevanju po pandemiji je nova Komisija 1. julija 2020 začela paket podpore zaposlovanju mladih, ki zagotavlja 'most do delovnih mest' za naslednjo generacijo. Komisija je predlagala priporočilo Sveta z naslovom 'Most do delovnih mest – krepitev jamstva za mlade', ki bi nadomestilo priporočilo iz leta 2013. Razširja starostni razpon, ki ga zajema jamstvo za mlade, od 24 do 29 let.
Evropski akcijski načrt Steber socialnih pravic, ki ga je Evropska komisija predlagala marca 2021 in mu je sledila deklaracija na socialnem vrhu v Portu maja 2021, je uvedel nove, ambiciozne cilje za mlade, kot je zmanjšanje deleža NEET-ov v EU na 9 % do leta 2030.
Evropska komisija: Okrepljeno jamstvo za mladeopens in new tab
EUR-Lex: Sporočilo o vlaganju v evropsko mladinoopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Mladinska strategija EUopens in new tab
EUR-Lex: Podpora zaposlovanju mladih: Most do delovnih mest za naslednjo generacijoopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Evropski steber akcijskega načrta za socialne praviceopens in new tab
To je izbor najpomembnejših ugotovitev v zvezi s to temo.
21 May 2024
Becoming adults: Young people in a post-pandemic world
During the pandemic, many young people had to change their plans for the future. While at the end of 2023 young people’s labour market situation was more favourable than it had been in recent years, many obstacles remained on their route to independence, such as the rising cost of living and inability to move out of the parental home. This report explores young people’s wishes and plans for the future – and the well-being outcomes related to these plans – in the context of the current labour market and housing situation and progress on the implementation of the EU’s reinforced Youth Guarantee.
9 November 2021
Impact of COVID-19 on young people in the EU
Following a long recovery from the economic crisis (2007–2013), young people in the EU proved to be more vulnerable to the effects of the restrictions put in place to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Young people were more likely than older groups to experience job loss, financial insecurity and mental health problems. They reported reduced life satisfaction and mental well-being associated with the stay-at-home requirements and school closures. While governments responded quickly to the pandemic, most efforts to mitigate the effects of restrictions were temporary measures aimed at preventing job loss and keeping young people in education. This report explores the effects of the pandemic on young people, particularly in terms of their employment, well-being and trust in institutions, and assesses the various policy measures introduced to alleviate these effects.
9 May 2021
Living, working and COVID-19 (Update April 2021): Mental health and trust decline across EU as pandemic enters another year
The third round of Eurofound's e-survey, fielded in February and March 2021, sheds light on the social and economic situation of people across Europe following nearly a full year of living with COVID-19 restrictions. This report analyses the main findings and tracks ongoing developments and trends across the 27 EU Member States since the survey was first launched in April 2020. It pinpoints issues that have surfaced over the course of the pandemic, such as increased job insecurity due to the threat of job loss, decline in mental well-being levels, erosion of recent gains in gender equality, fall in trust levels vis-à-vis institutions, deterioration of work–life balance and growth of vaccine hesitancy. The results of the survey highlight the need for a holistic approach to support all the groups hit hard by the crisis in order to prevent them from falling further behind.
23 October 2020
Youth in a time of COVID
14 December 2017
Long-term unemployed youth: Characteristics and policy responses
While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people’s well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education.
4 July 2016
Exploring the diversity of NEETs
The concept of NEET (young people not in employment, education or training) has, since 2010, been widely used as a tool to inform youth-oriented policies in the 28 Member States of the European Union. While it has been a valuable addition to more traditional indicators used to understand the economic and social vulnerability of young people and their labour market participation, it has often been criticised because of the heterogeneity of the population it captures. This report explores the diversity of NEETs and suggests seven subgroups into which the NEET population can be disaggregated using data routinely collected for the EU Labour Force Survey. Through analysis of the data for each of these subgroups, it offers a contemporary overview of the composition of the NEET population, both at EU28 level and in each Member State. It is hoped this information will help policymakers more precisely target interventions intended to ease young people’s engagement with the world of work and training. A separate annex presents detailed information on the composition of NEETs in the 28 Member States.
Raziskovalci agencije Eurofound zagotavljajo strokovno znanje in jih je mogoče kontaktirati za vprašanja ali poizvedbe medijev.
Eszter Sándor
Senior research managerEszter Sandor je višja vodja raziskav v enoti za socialne politike pri Eurofoundu. Ima strokovno znanje na področju metodologije anketiranja in statistične analize, sodelovala je pri pripravi in vodenju evropske raziskave o kakovosti življenja in nazadnje e-ankete o življenju, delu in covidu-19 ter je odgovorna za kakovost naborov podatkov. Njena raziskovalna področja so dobro počutje mladih in kakovost življenja v gospodinjstvih in družinah, vključno s subjektivnim počutjem, usklajevanjem poklicnega in zasebnega življenja ter življenjskimi pogoji. Pred tem je delala kot ekonomska svetovalka na Škotskem, kjer se je osredotočala na ocene gospodarskega učinka, vrednotenja in analize vhodnih in izhodnih rezultatov. Magistrirala je iz ekonomije in mednarodnih odnosov na Univerzi Corvinus v Budimpešti.
Massimiliano Mascherini
Head of UnitMassimiliano Mascherini je od oktobra 2019 vodja enote za socialne politike pri Eurofoundu. Eurofoundu se je pridružil leta 2009 kot vodja raziskav, kjer je oblikoval in koordiniral projekte o zaposlovanju mladih, NEET-ih in enakosti spolov. Leta 2017 je postal višji vodja raziskav in vodil nove raziskave o spremljanju konvergence v EU. Poleg tega je vodil zasnovo Evropske raziskave kakovosti življenja 2026. Leta 2025 je prejel nagrado Brendan Walsh za najboljši članek, objavljen v Economic and Social Review. Prej je bil znanstveni sodelavec v Skupnem raziskovalnem centru Evropske komisije. Študiral je na Univerzi v Firencah, kjer je študiral aktuarske in statistične vede ter pridobil doktorat iz uporabne statistike. Leta 2014 je pridobil znanstveno kvalifikacijo kot izredni profesor socialne statistike in demografije na italijanskem ministrstvu za univerze in raziskave. Bil je gostujoči sodelavec na Univerzi v Sydneyju in na Univerzi v Aalborgu ter gostujoči profesor na Papeški akademiji družbenih znanosti.
Ta razdelek omogoča dostop do vseh vsebin, ki so bile objavljene na to temo.
