Socialne politike
Cilj evropskih socialnih politik je spodbujati zaposlovanje, izboljšati življenjske in delovne pogoje, zagotoviti ustrezno socialno zaščito in se boriti proti socialni izključenosti. Te politike so na splošno v pristojnosti in odgovornosti držav članic EU, vendar evropski steber socialnih pravic daje nov zagon pobudam na evropski ravni.
Najnovejše vsebine na to temo so navedene spodaj.
Premoščanje vrzeli: Neenakosti pri dostopu do izobraževanja in oskrbe v zgodnjem otroštvu
Čeprav sta bila predšolska vzgoja in varstvo (ECEC) v središču številnih nedavnih pobud EU, obstaja tveganje, da nekateri otroci ostanejo zapostavljeni. Ta članek obravnava stopnje udeležbe v ECEC in želi preučiti, kako lahko otroci, ogroženi zaradi revščine ali socialne izključenosti, dostopajo do tega pomembnega dela izobraževalnega sistema.Kartiranje zelene vedenjske javne politike v EU
Ta dokument prikazuje, kako daleč so države članice zgradile zmogljivosti za razvoj in izvajanje takšnih vedenjsko usmerjenih politik. Ugotavlja znatne razlike po celotni EU, z zaskrbljujočim vzorcem: države pod največjim prehodnim pritiskom so pogosto najmanj opremljene za oblikovanje politik, osredotočenih na človeka, ki bi to olajšale.Skok cen energije: Evropski odzivi politike na krizo življenjskih stroškov
Vlade po vsej Evropi so se na naraščajoče cene energije odzvale z vrsto ukrepov za ublažitev vpliva na državljane in podjetja. Ti ukrepi kažejo na široko doslednost pristopa med državami članicami: kratkoročno z namenom omilitve takojšnjega vpliva, dolgoročno pa z iskanjem diverzifikacije virov energije in zmanjšanja odvisnosti od energije.Eurofound svoje raziskave povezuje s prednostnimi nalogami politike, ki so jih oblikovale evropske institucije in socialni partnerji. Ugotovitve raziskav agencije kažejo, kako politike delujejo v praksi, kateri pristopi so se izkazali za učinkovitejše, in kažejo, kako je mogoče politike povečati.
Evropski steber socialnih pravic, ki je bil potrjen novembra 2017, temelji na 20 ključnih načelih, ki temeljijo na: enake možnosti in dostop do trga dela; poštene delovne pogoje; ter socialna zaščita in vključevanje. Evropska komisija je 4. marca 2021 predstavila akcijski načrt za celovito izvajanje stebra, pri čemer je načela spremenila v konkretne ukrepe v korist državljanov EU, hkrati pa podprla okrevanje po pandemiji COVID-19. Določa tri cilje na ravni EU, ki jih je treba doseči do leta 2030 in ki bodo pomagali usmerjati nacionalne politike in reforme:
Do leta 2030 bi moralo biti zaposlenih vsaj 78 % prebivalstva v starosti od 20 do 64 let
Vsaj 60 % vseh odraslih bi moralo vsako leto sodelovati v usposabljanju
Število ljudi, ki jim grozi revščina ali socialna izključenost, bi bilo treba do leta 2030 zmanjšati za vsaj 15 milijonov, vključno z vsaj 5 milijoni otrok
Izvajanje stebra je v veliki meri odvisno od ukrepov držav članic, ki so v prvi vrsti odgovorne za politike zaposlovanja, spretnosti in socialne politike. Komisija podpira države članice pri doseganju teh ciljev z zagotavljanjem smernic in usklajevanja nacionalnih ekonomskih in socialnih politik v okviru procesa evropskega semestra, vključno s povezanimi priporočili za posamezne države, da bi okrepila politike zaposlovanja in socialne politike ter vlagala v socialne storitve in socialno infrastrukturo.
Na področju socialne politike je Komisija junija 2021 vzpostavila evropsko platformo za boj proti brezdomstvu, septembra 2022 pa predstavila novo evropsko strategijo za oskrbo, vključno s pobudo za dolgotrajno oskrbo in revizijo barcelonskih ciljev. Svet je nato januarja 2023 sprejel priporočilo Komisije o minimalnem dohodku.
Evropska mreža za analizo socialne politike (ESPAN), ki jo je Komisija ustanovila leta 2014, zagotavlja neodvisne informacije, analize in strokovno znanje o socialnih politikah. Načela iz socialnega stebra zagotavljajo obsežno podlago za razvoj novih pobud.
Evropska komisija: Akcijski načrt za evropski steber socialnih pravicopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Evropska platforma za boj proti brezdomstvuopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Evropska strategija za oskrbo negovalcev in prejemnikov oskrbeopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Svet sprejel priporočilo o ustreznem minimalnem dohodkuopens in new tab
Evropska komisija: Evropska mreža za analizo socialnih politik (ESPAN)opens in new tab
To je izbor najpomembnejših ugotovitev v zvezi s to temo.
8 January 2025
50 years supporting better policies for a strong social Europe
&w=3840&q=75)
19 December 2023
Intergenerational inequalities: How to close the gaps?
The various economic and social shocks of the past decade and a half – most recently the COVID-19 pandemic – have ongoing consequences for the living standards and prospects of Europeans, and sometimes these outcomes have been uneven across age groups. Social policies – such as those in the areas of social protection and housing – in some cases have benefited certain age groups over others. The upshot both of crises and of policies is that inequalities between the generations have widened in important areas.
This policy brief examines some of the intergenerational social trends that either were persistent or changed considerably over the last decade and a half, sometimes contrary to expectations. It focuses on significant developments that have received somewhat less attention in policy planning in the areas of income, housing, work and employment, and health. The intention is to develop a clearer sense of the direction of social change and bring medium- and long-term perspectives into policy thinking.
22 March 2023
EU convergence: Geographical dimension, impact of COVID-19 and the role of policy
Historically, the political debate around EU convergence has gathered momentum in the aftermath of a crisis. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the purpose of this report is to take stock of the last two decades of convergence trends. The study begins with an empirical investigation of economic, social and institutional convergence over 2004–2019 at both Member State and regional levels. The analysis is then extended to 2020 and 2021 to examine the impact of the pandemic. The study confirms overall upward convergence, driven by the central and eastern European Member States, which the pandemic appears to have slowed but not stopped. The analysis of trends is followed by an assessment of the potential impact of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) on convergence and a discussion of different policy scenarios to support upward convergence, based on the current experience with the RRF and the ongoing debate about the future of EU cohesion policy.
24 January 2023
Economic and social inequalities in Europe in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic had varying impacts on social groups, depending on existing disadvantages, and it was widely believed that it triggered a rise in inequalities across different areas of life. Using indicators from the EU’s Multidimensional Inequality Monitoring Framework (MIMF), this report shows how inequality in the spheres of income, health, employment and education changed between 2010 and 2020. It also examines the main drivers of this change during the pandemic and explores the relationships between government policies in several domains and inequality.
7 September 2022
Access to essential services for people on low incomes: Energy, public transport and digital communications
In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For this exercise, the scope was on energy services, public transport, and digital communications, and the focus on people at risk of poverty or social exclusion (in most cases in practice, people on low incomes). This paper provides an overview of the measures in the Member States based mainly on the inputs from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents, collected in February–March 2022. The paper reviews the measures across the entire EU by clustering the major types or targets of the measures to make essential services accessible, and by succinctly listing main country-level examples. It provides information for understanding the diversity and similarities of the measures applied and suggests pointers on areas where policy action could be developed.
29 October 2021
Exploring the social challenges of low carbon energy policies in Europe
This briefing is co-produced by the European Environment Agency (EEA) and Eurofound. It is based on the results of two complementary analyses by the EEA and the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) on the socioeconomic effects of climate policies, in the context of the European Green Deal and the EU transition to a carbon-neutral economy. The EEA focused on the understanding of distributional aspects of climate change policies, while Eurofound sought to identify, based on national experiences, the climate policies with significant distributional effects and explore how these are being addressed in EU Member States. This briefing focuses on the effect on citizens of climate mitigation policies in the energy, transport and building sectors, through the impacts of these policies on their daily lives (jobs, mobility, housing, etc.).
6 July 2021
Distributional impacts of climate policies in Europe
With the European Green Deal, the EU is setting in motion a set of policies and measures aimed at preventing and alleviating the effects of climate change. The main objective is to embark on the transition to a climate-neutral economy. These much needed climate policies, however, may have undesirable distributional effects on individuals and companies. As well as their intended effects, some measures, such as carbon taxes, can have associated regressive effects, negatively impacting on people with lower income levels, and hence lowering their acceptability. Based on the most recent national experiences, this report identifies those climate policies having significant distributional effects and explores how these are being addressed in the various Member States. In addition, the report identifies and describes the main issues and players in the ongoing public debate on the socioeconomic impacts of climate policies.
30 March 2021
Wealth distribution and social mobility
This report explores the distribution of household wealth in the EU Member States and analyses the role of wealth in social mobility. Using data from three datasets (the Household Finance and Consumption Survey, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and the Luxembourg Wealth Study), it focuses on wealth per household member. Wealth composition is compared across social groups and countries, and the role of housing assets in wealth distribution and negative wealth is assessed. The findings show that parental background, including parental wealth, has an impact on educational and wealth mobility. In order to promote equality of opportunities in terms of access to education and housing, the impact of wealth inequalities, including differences in parental wealth, should be counterbalanced. The report also suggests that regularising wealth declaration in the EU could be a way of promoting social justice by minimising hidden wealth and combating tax evasion.
Raziskovalci agencije Eurofound zagotavljajo strokovno znanje in jih je mogoče kontaktirati za vprašanja ali poizvedbe medijev.
Daniel Molinuevo
Senior research managerDaniel Molinuevo je vodja raziskav v enoti za socialne politike, ki se je Eurofoundu pridružil leta 2010. Njegove raziskave na področju zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva so se osredotočile na kakovost in dostopnost storitev, njihovo digitalno preobrazbo in delovne pogoje zaposlenih. Njegovo delo je bilo osredotočeno predvsem na storitve za otroke, tako v Eurofoundu kot pri UNICEF-u, kjer je leta 2021 podprl izvajanje evropskega jamstva za otroke. Študiral je sociologijo v Salamanci v Španiji in na Humboldtovi univerzi v Berlinu. Magistriral je iz evropskih političnih in upravnih študij na College of Europe v Bruggeju in magistriral iz evropske socialne politike na London School of Economics, kjer je delal tudi kot raziskovalec.
Massimiliano Mascherini
Head of UnitMassimiliano Mascherini je od oktobra 2019 vodja enote za socialne politike pri Eurofoundu. Eurofoundu se je pridružil leta 2009 kot vodja raziskav, kjer je oblikoval in koordiniral projekte o zaposlovanju mladih, NEET-ih in enakosti spolov. Leta 2017 je postal višji vodja raziskav in vodil nove raziskave o spremljanju konvergence v EU. Poleg tega je vodil zasnovo Evropske raziskave kakovosti življenja 2026. Leta 2025 je prejel nagrado Brendan Walsh za najboljši članek, objavljen v Economic and Social Review. Prej je bil znanstveni sodelavec v Skupnem raziskovalnem centru Evropske komisije. Študiral je na Univerzi v Firencah, kjer je študiral aktuarske in statistične vede ter pridobil doktorat iz uporabne statistike. Leta 2014 je pridobil znanstveno kvalifikacijo kot izredni profesor socialne statistike in demografije na italijanskem ministrstvu za univerze in raziskave. Bil je gostujoči sodelavec na Univerzi v Sydneyju in na Univerzi v Aalborgu ter gostujoči profesor na Papeški akademiji družbenih znanosti.
Ta razdelek omogoča dostop do vseh vsebin, ki so bile objavljene na to temo.
