Ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi
L-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi tirreferi għall-ugwaljanza bejn nisa u rġiel fir-rigward tad-drittijiet tagħhom, trattament, responsabbiltajiet, opportunitajiet, parteċipazzjoni u kisbiet ekonomiċi u soċjali. L-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi tinkiseb meta rġiel u nisa għandhom l-istess drittijiet, responsabbiltajiet u opportunitajiet f'kull sezzjoni tas-soċjetà u meta l-interessi, il-bżonnijiet u l-prijoritajiet differenti tal-irġiel u n-nisa jiġu apprezzati b'mod ugwali.
Sib l-aktar kontenut reċenti dwar dan is-suġġett hawn taħt.
Edukazzjoni żejda u bla ħlas baxx: L-enigma tal-oppożizzjoni kontra d-differenzi bejn is-sessi fil-paga u l-edukazzjoni
Minkejja għexieren ta' snin ta' progress, id-distakk fil-paga bejn is-sessi jibqa' jeżisti madwar l-UE. Dan ir-rapport jesplora l-evidenza tas-suq tax-xogħol wara l-vojt, mill-impjieg u l-pagi sal-qasam ta' studju, u x'juri dwar sfida politika li għadha għaddejja.Wara l-kwinti tal-European Working Conditions Survey
Mill-bidu tiegħu fl-1990, l-European Working Conditions Survey ipprovda ħarsa komprensiva lejn il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol fl-Ewropa. L-EWCS 2024 jiddikjara li s-suq tax-xogħol Ewropew jinsab f'transizzjoni, u jindika tnaqqis fil-ħinijiet twal tax-xogħol u titjib mhux uniformi fil-kwalità tax-xogħol. F'dan l-episodju ta' Eurofound Talks, Mary McCaughey tistieden lill-Maniġer Anzjan tar-Riċerka Agnès Parent-Thirion biex titkellem dwar l-istħarriġ wara l-aħbarijiet, u x-xogħol li jsir biex isir dan.Stħarriġ Ewropew tal-Kundizzjonijiet tax-Xogħol 2024 – Punti Ewlenin
Din l-istorja diġitali tippreżenta l-punti ewlenin mir-rapport ta' ħarsa ġenerali tal-European Working Conditions Survey 2024. Jesplora skoperti ewlenin minn kull kapitlu tar-rapport b'attenzjoni fuq il-forza tax-xogħol Ewropea, il-prattiċi tax-xogħol, il-kejl tal-kwalità tax-xogħol, it-tendenzi matul iż-żmien fil-kwalità tax-xogħol, kif ukoll il-kwalità tal-ħajja tax-xogħol fl-UE.Eurofound tadotta approċċ sistematiku ta' integrazzjoni tal-ġeneru fir-riċerka tagħha. Fejn possibbli u rilevanti, ir-riżultati tar-riċerka, inklużi stħarriġ u analiżi tal-politika, jiddisaggregaw id-dejta skont is-sess. Proġetti oħra ta' riċerka jipprovdu analiżi speċifika rilevanti għall-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi. Ir-riċerka tkopri varjetà usa' ta' suġġetti minn perspettiva tal-ġeneru, bħal paga u dħul, paga minima, kura, parteċipazzjoni fl-impjieg, vaganza, ħiliet u taħriġ, organizzazzjoni tax-xogħol, kwalità tax-xogħol, ħin tax-xogħol, bilanċ bejn xogħol u konverġenza u koeżjoni soċjali, inkluż f'stħarriġ pan-Ewropew u rapportar regolari fuq livell nazzjonali.
Isma' jew ara l-vidjo tagħna dwar id-disparitajiet bejn is-sessi fil-post tax-xogħol b'għarfien mill-espert ta' Eurofound Barbara Gerstenberger.
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L-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi hija valur ewlieni tal-Unjoni Ewropea, dritt fundamentali, komponent kritiku tat-tkabbir ekonomiku u prinċipju ewlieni tal-Pilastru Ewropew tad-Drittijiet Soċjali. Għalkemm sar progress sinifikanti fl-iżvilupp tal-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi fl-aħħar deċennji, l-inugwaljanzi bejn is-sessi għadhom jeżistu f'oqsma bħall-impjieg, il-paga, il-pensjonijiet, id-deċiżjonijiet u r-responsabbiltajiet tal-kura.
L-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi tibqa' prijorità ewlenija għall-Kummissjoni Ewropea. Wara l-implimentazzjoni tas-Strategija għall-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi 2020–2025, il-Kummissjoni adottat Roadmap għad-Drittijiet tan-Nisa fit-7 ta' Marzu 2025, li tistabbilixxi viżjoni fit-tul biex tippromwovi d-drittijiet tan-nisa u tindirizza sfidi ġodda bħal diskriminazzjoni u vjolenza faċilita mit-teknoloġija. Ibbażat fuq din it-roadmap, fit-5 ta' Marzu 2026, il-Kummissjoni ppubblikat l-Istrateġija dwar l-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi 2026–2030, li tittraduċi l-għanijiet tar-rotta f'politiki li jistgħu jagħmlu azzjoni. L-istrateġija l-ġdida għandha l-għan li tinkorpora l-ugwaljanza bejn is-sessi f'kull qasam ta' politika u tiffoka fuq kwistjonijiet bħal vjolenza bbażata fuq is-sessi, cyberviolence, paga ugwali, saħħa tan-nisa, bilanċ bejn ix-xogħol u l-ħajja, ugwaljanza fil-mexxejja u d-deċiżjonijiet, u l-impatti tal-ġeneru tat-teknoloġiji emerġenti bħal intelliġenza artifiċjali.
Wieħed mill-ewwel riżultati tal-istrateġija preċedenti kien id-Direttiva dwar it-Trasparenza tal-Paji, adottata mill-Kunsill fit-24 ta' April 2023. Taħt l-istrateġija l-ġdida, il-Kummissjoni se tkompli tappoġġja lill-partners soċjali fl-implimentazzjoni tad-direttiva. Milestones oħra jinkludu l-Istrateġija Ewropea tal-Kura ppreżentata f'Settembru 2022, li hija marbuta mat-titjib tal-parteċipazzjoni tan-nisa fis-suq tax-xogħol, kif ukoll Direttiva dwar bilanċ bejn is-sessi fil-bordijiet korporattivi, adottata f'Novembru 2022.
Mill-2020, il-Parlament Ewropew jorganizza Ġimgħa Ewropea għall-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi bl-inizjattiva tal-Kumitat għad-Drittijiet tan-Nisa u l-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi (FEMM). Matul il-ġimgħa, l-EIGE tippubblika r-riżultati tal-Indiċi tal-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi tagħha.
Kummissjoni Ewropea: Strateġija għall-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi opens in new tab
Kummissjoni Ewropea: Roadmap għad-Drittijiet tan-Nisa opens in new tab
Parlament Ewropew: Miżuri obbligatorji ta' trasparenza tal-pagaopens in new tab
Parlament Ewropew: Ġimgħa Ewropea għall-Ugwaljanza bejn is-Sessi opens in new tab
Eurostat: Statistika dwar id-distakk fil-paga bejn is-sessi opens in new tab
Eurostat: Id-distakk fl-impjieg bejn is-sessiopens in new tab
Eurostat: Nisa fuq ix-xogħol: ħarsa lejn id-distakk fl-impjieg bejn is-sessi fl-UE
Din hija għażla tal-aktar riżultati importanti għal dan is-suġġett.
15 July 2026
Edukazzjoni żejda u bla ħlas baxx: L-enigma tal-oppożizzjoni kontra d-differenzi bejn is-sessi fil-paga u l-edukazzjoni
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14 April 2026
Survey Ewropew tal-Kundizzjonijiet tax-Xogħol 2024: Rapport ta' ħarsa ġenerali
15 December 2025
Valur ugwali, paga ugwali: Kunċetti, mekkaniżmi u implimentazzjoni lejn l-ugwaljanza tal-paga bejn is-sessi
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18 November 2025
Taking stock: Further experiences in gender pay transparency implementation and effectiveness
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25 September 2008
Mind the gap – Women’s and men’s quality of work and employment - Background paper
Gender mainstreaming is an integral part of the research conducted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. When labour market participation, working conditions and the resulting labour market outcomes are analysed, the difference in the situation of women and men is evident. This report highlights the main issues concerning women’s situation in the labour market and indicate where the principal barriers to women’s labour market participation lie.
15 May 2023
Gender differences in motivation to engage in platform work
The rise of the platform economy during the last decade is one of the main disrupting forces for European labour markets. While standard employment remains the norm, platforms are expanding their reach and diversifying into novel business models. In doing so, they are also attracting an increasing number of women. This policy brief investigates why women are joining the platform economy and how the motivations to perform work on platforms differ between genders. It shows that while women join platforms to gain an additional income and because it allows them the flexibility to combine work with household chores or family commitments, men are driven by the opportunities provided by platforms to work globally and to expand their client base. At the same time, findings suggest that online platforms seem to provide women with a link to the labour market that can potentially prevent their withdrawal from the labour force during different life stages. These findings suggest that policy action should focus on extending working hours regulations and work–life balance measures to all platform workers, irrespective of employment status, and promote equal sharing of care responsibilities between women and men.
13 October 2022
COVID-19 pandemic and the gender divide at work and home
The COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated inequalities in many dimensions of European societies, including inequalities between women and men in several key domains. This report looks at gender inequalities that existed prior to the COVID-19 crisis and describes in what ways the pandemic has impacted on gender divides. It also analyses the various policy responses of national governments across the EU to address gender divides, and to prevent their widening during the pandemic. The effects of the pandemic on employment at EU-level has been remarkably gender-neutral on the whole, with nuances emerging within different sectors and socioeconomic groups. The pre-existing gender gaps in unpaid work have persisted, leading to work–life conflicts, especially among teleworking mothers of young children. Finally, the report describes the outlook for gender inequalities in Europe, pointing to factors that will shape the future of equality between women and men: gender segregation in labour markets, gender divides in telework and hybrid work, and gender mainstreaming in policymaking – especially in relation to caregiving and care services.
14 December 2021
European Jobs Monitor 2021: Gender gaps and the employment structure
One of the most striking developments of the last half-century has been the huge rise in the labour market participation of women. Two out of every three net new jobs created over the last two decades in the EU were taken by women. At the same time, sharply rising employment rates among older workers due to population ageing and policy changes have increased the share of older workers in the labour market. This report examines the impacts of the changing contours of labour supply on the employment structure over the last quarter-century in Europe (1995–2019). The primary focus is on gender, with a secondary focus on ageing. Among the main findings are that employment shares in gender-balanced jobs have declined despite the rising female share of employment and that gender pay gaps are highest in well-paid jobs.
14 December 2021
Understanding the gender pay gap: What role do sector and occupation play?
Despite the increasing participation of women in the labour market and a higher share of women than men being hired into well-paid jobs in recent years, a gender pay gap exists across all EU Member States. Pay differentials between women and men have been shown to be significantly influenced by the economic sector where people work and the occupation they hold.
This policy brief examines these dimensions. It also identifies how much these and other factors contribute to gender disparities in pay. The analysis finds that, of the observable factors examined, the greater likelihood of women working in lower-paying sectors and working part-time are the most important contributors to the gender pay gap. Nevertheless, around two-thirds of the gap in the EU remains unexplained by individual and employment-related factors typically analysed, suggesting that other factors not captured by survey wage data account for the rest of it.
Ir-riċerkaturi tal-Eurofound jipprovdu għarfien espert u jistgħu jiġu kkuntattjati għal mistoqsijiet jew talbiet mill-midja.
Sanna Nivakoski
Research officerSanna Nivakoski hija uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Politiki Soċjali fil-Eurofound. Qabel ma ngħaqdet mal-Eurofound fl-2021, hija ħadmet bħala riċerkatriċi post-dottorat fl-Istitut Geary għall-Politika Pubblika tal-Kulleġġ tal-Università ta' Dublin, l-Istitut tar-Riċerka Ekonomika u Soċjali f'Dublin, u r-Royal College of Surgeons fl-Irlanda. Hija ħadmet f'ħafna oqsma ta' riċerka fil-mikroekonomija, inkluż id-dħul u l-ġid tal-irtirar, it-tfaddil tal-pensjonijiet, it-trasferimenti interġenerazzjonali u l-impatt finanzjarju tar-romol. Sanna għandha PhD fl-Ekonomija mit-Trinity College Dublin.
Barbara Gerstenberger
Head of UnitBarbara Gerstenberger hija l-Kap tal-unità tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol fil-Eurofound. F'dan ir-rwol, hija tikkoordina t-timijiet ta' riċerka li jinvestigaw il-kwalità tal-impjiegi fl-Ewropa abbażi tal-Istħarriġ Ewropew dwar il-Kundizzjonijiet tax-Xogħol u għandha r-responsabbiltà ġenerali għall-Osservatorju Ewropew tal-Ħajja tax-Xogħol u r-riċerka dwar ir-relazzjonijiet industrijali fl-UE. Hija ngħaqdet mal-Eurofound fl-2001 bħala maniġer tar-riċerka fiċ-Ċentru Ewropew għall-Monitoraġġ tal-Bidla (EMCC) li dak iż-żmien kien għadu kif ġie stabbilit. Fl-2007, hija marret fl-unità tal-Informazzjoni u l-Komunikazzjoni tal-Eurofound bħala Kap tal-Prodotti tal-Komunikazzjoni, qabel ma nħatret Koordinatur fid-Direttorat fl-2011. Preċedentement, hija ħadmet bħala uffiċjal anzjan tar-riċerka fil-Federazzjoni Ewropea tal-Ħaddiema tal-Metall fi Brussell. A graduate in political science from Hamburg University, she completed a Master's degree in Public Administration at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Carlos Vacas‑Soriano
Senior research managerCarlos Vacas Soriano huwa maniġer anzjan tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Impjieg f'Eurofound. Jaħdem fuq suġġetti relatati ma' inugwaljanzi fil-pagi u d-dħul, paga minima, paga baxxa, kwalità tax-xogħol, impjieg temporanju u segmentazzjoni, u kwalità tax-xogħol. Qabel ma ngħaqad ma' Eurofound fl-2010, ħadem bħala analista makroekonomiku għall-Kummissjoni Ewropea u bħala riċerkatur fis-swieq tax-xogħol Ewropej fil-Bank Ċentrali Spanjol. Għandu MA fl-Istudji Ekonomiċi Ewropej mill-Kulleġġ tal-Ewropa f'Bruges u PhD fl-Ekonomija tax-Xogħol mill-Università ta' Salamanca (Dottorat Europaeus).
Karel Fric
Research officerKarel Fric huwa uffiċjal tar-riċerka fl-unità tal-Politika Soċjali fil-Eurofound. Ix-xogħol tiegħu jinvolvi riċerka dwar stħarriġ, analiżi tad-dejta u ġestjoni tal-proġetti, b'enfasi partikolari fuq il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol u tal-għajxien, l-ugwaljanza u d-diskriminazzjoni. Preċedentement ħadem bħala riċerkatur fl-Aġenzija tal-Unjoni Ewropea għad-Drittijiet Fundamentali fi Vjenna, l-Awstrija, u f'Panteia, organizzazzjoni ta' riċerka u konsulenza bbażata f'Zoetermeer, il-Pajjiżi l-Baxxi. Karel għandu PhD fix-Xjenzi Soċjali mill-Università Erasmus ta' Rotterdam u grad ta' Masters fl-Ekonomija mill-Università ta' Utrecht.
Din it-taqsima tipprovdi aċċess għall-kontenut kollu li ġie ppubblikat dwar is-suġġett.
