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Warunki pracy i trwała praca

Warunki pracy i trwała praca to jedno z sześciu głównych działań w programie prac Eurofound na lata 2021-2024. Eurofound będzie nadal działać jako ośrodek wiedzy specjalistycznej, monitorujący i analizujący zmiany w tym obszarze, w tym także wpływ kryzysu związanego z COVID-19 na warunki pracy i jakość miejsc pracy, a także na praktyki stosowane w zakładach pracy.

W latach 2021-2024 Eurofound przedstawi ważne spostrzeżenia na temat wyzwań i perspektyw związanych z warunkami pracy i trwałą pracą w UE. W oparciu o długoletnią wiedzę fachową w tej dziedzinie Eurofound przyjrzy się trendom i dokonującym się z biegiem czasu postępom oraz wskaże pojawiające się problemy dotyczące warunków pracy i jakości miejsc pracy. Analiza obejmie różne kraje, sektory, zawody i grupy pracowników i będzie dotyczyć takich kwestii jak organizacja pracy telepracaczas pracyrównowaga między życiem zawodowym a prywatnymrówne traktowaniezdrowie i dobre samopoczucie w miejscu pracyumiejętności i szkoleniazarobki i perspektywy oraz zadowolenie z pracy. Szczególny nacisk zostanie położony na niestandardowe formy zatrudnienia, w szczególności na samozatrudnienie.

W świetle wyzwań demograficznych stojących przed UE w związku ze starzeniem się społeczeństwa oraz rosnącą różnorodnością życia zawodowego, Eurofound będzie nadal badać czynniki umożliwiające większej liczbie pracowników dłuższy okres aktywności zawodowej. W centrum uwagi znajdzie się również poprawa jakości miejsc pracy jako czynnik sprzyjający większej aktywizacji zawodowej i motywacji pracowników oraz przyczyniający się do trwałej pracy w ciągu całego życia.

Powiązania między pracą a zdrowiem zostaną zbadane w ścisłej konsultacji z Europejską Agencją Bezpieczeństwa i Zdrowia w Pracy (EU-OSHA). Eurofound zamierza wykorzystać swoją współpracę z Międzynarodową Organizacją Pracy (MOP) analizując kwestie dotyczące przyszłości pracy i warunków pracy na poziomie globalnym.

„Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, to dobra wiadomość, ponieważ warunki pracy w Unii Europejskiej poprawiają się – nawet jeśli dzieje się to bardzo powoli – ale istnieją obawy o to, że niekoniecznie dotyczy to wszystkich grup pracowników. Zależy to w dużym stopniu od tego, w jakim sektorze ktoś pracuje, a także od poziomu wykształcenia, a szczerze mówiąc także od tego, czy jest się mężczyzną czy kobietą”.

Barbara Gerstenberger, kierownik Działu ds. Życia Zawodowego

Topic

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Główne przesłania polityczne

Infografika 2021

Główne ustalenia wynikające z badań Eurofoundu służą decydentom do rozwiązywania niektórych kluczowych kwestii w tej dziedzinie.

  • Poprawa warunków pracy ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla pracowników i pracodawców. Należy wziąć pod uwagę wiele różnych aspektów jakości miejsc pracy. Miejsca pracy dobrej jakości umożliwiają ludziom dłuższe i lepsze życie zawodowe, przyczyniając się do trwałej pracy i pozytywnej równowagi między życiem zawodowym a prywatnym.
  • Warunki pracy w UE, ogólnie rzecz biorąc, poprawiają się, choć postępy czynione są stopniowo. W przypadku niektórych grup pracowników nie są one szybkie – zależy to od rodzaju umowy o pracę, sektora i poziomu wykształcenia.
  • Istnieje wiele sposobów poprawy warunków pracy i jakości miejsc pracy w UE. Rządy z pewnością mają do odegrania ważną rolę w ustanawianiu stosownych ram w drodze regulacji. Ważnymi podmiotami są jednak również pracownicy i pracodawcy oraz ich organizacje. Jeżeli chodzi o wiele aspektów dotyczących jakości miejsc pracy, główne zmiany zaobserwować można w zakładach pracy.
  • Tylko jednej piątej europejskich przedsiębiorstw udało się do tej pory odkryć, jak osiągnąć optymalny dobrostan pracowników w miejscu pracy, a przy tym także dobre wyniki gospodarcze. Wykazano, że stanowiska pracy, których stworzenie wiąże się z „dużymi nakładami i wysokim poziomem zaangażowania” przekładają się na najlepsze wyniki dla pracowników i pracodawców, zwiększają wydajność i poprawiają jakość pracy dzięki zwiększeniu niezależności pracowników, ułatwianiu ich zaangażowania oraz promowaniu szkoleń i uczenia się.
  • Wielu osobom, w szczególności rodzicom oraz osobom opiekującym się innymi, z trudem przychodzi łączenie obowiązków zawodowych i pozazawodowych. Choć elastyczna organizacja pracy może pomóc w rozwiązaniu tych problemów, niesie ze sobą również wyzwania. Na przykład telepraca pozwala na większą swobodę wyboru czasu i miejsca pracy, ale może również prowadzić do wydłużenia jej czasu i zwiększenia jej intensywności oraz do większych trudności z odcięciem się od niej.
  • Wzrost liczby osób pracujących na odległość podczas pandemii COVID-19 uwidocznił zacieranie się granic między życiem zawodowym a prywatnym. Wiele rządów i partnerów społecznych dyskutuje na temat inicjatyw związanych z „prawem do rozłączenia się”, aby zapobiec ryzyku fizycznego i emocjonalnego wyczerpania dużej liczby pracowników.
  • W przyszłości partnerzy społeczni powinni dążyć do uwzględnienia w ewentualnych ramach prawnych lub porozumieniach przepisów dotyczących dobrowolnego charakteru telepracy lub stosowności telepracy do wykonywania konkretnych zadań. Kluczowe będzie również wyjaśnienie, w jaki sposób pracodawcy mogą uczestniczyć w wydatkach związanych z pracą z domu, a także gwarancje równego wynagrodzenia i dostępu do szkoleń dla osób pracujących zdalnie.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (567)

Across European countries, the ‘employment contract’ has been, and still is, the point of reference for determining the rights and obligations of both workers and employers. When direct subordinated employment is disguised as self-employment, it is termed ‘bogus’. Work can be contracted in several

27 July 2017

Employment relations remain defined vis-à-vis the standard employment relationship (permanent, full-time, direct). Fixed-term contracts are therefore understood as non-standard employment contracts by which an employer hires an employee for a fixed duration. The main difference between permanent and

27 July 2017

Regulated at European level, the posting of workers is a practice used between companies located in different countries A worker is posted when their original employer sends them to work, for a temporary period, in another company. Posting has been defined as a specific form of labour mobility

27 July 2017

Among the fraudulent contracting of work practices, one of the most difficult to identify is the creation of sham companies (usually, in another country). Sham companies are essentially new entities created to disguise the real employer. Creating a company, even abroad, is – of course – legal and

27 July 2017

A traineeship is generally defined as an education and training programme combined with work experience, devised for certain groups – usually unemployed young people. Various types of traineeship are found across EU Member States. Traineeships have recently been actively promoted by the European

27 July 2017

This article discusses developments in collectively agreed wages in the European Union in 2016, putting them into the perspective of developments over the past 15 years. The tendency for growth in both nominal and real collectively agreed wages from 2015 continued. In two countries (Belgium and

25 July 2017

The ageing of the EU’s population and workforce has implications for employment, working conditions, living standards and welfare. This report draws on the expertise of four EU Agencies in their respective areas, covers the policy challenges associated with the ageing workforce and considers

29 June 2017

In 22 out of 28 EU Member States, a generally applicable statutory minimum wage exists; the level of this minimum wage varies greatly from one country to another. This article provides information on statutory minimum wage levels, how the minimum wage has been determined for 2017 and minimum wage

09 February 2017

Demographic ageing poses the challenge of how to keep people in employment for longer without negatively affecting their health and well-being. The solutions are particularly critical for workers engaged in arduous work. This report examines how mid-career reviews can play a key role by clarifying

17 January 2017

Teachers across Europe have been protesting about their working conditions. Pay levels and pay inequalities, working time and workload, recruitment procedures and staffing at schools have been the main focus of social dialogue and collective action. Several of the reported cases are set in the

09 January 2017

Online resources results (1778)

In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective

15 Kwiecień 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 Styczeń 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 Październik 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


Blogs results (61)
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 Listopad 2019
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Much of the discussion on the future of work is focused on globalisation and technology, and their impacts on the labour market. However, there is also a growing interest in the business models used by cooperatives and social enterprises, and how they can contribute to a better future of work

15 Listopad 2019
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 Październik 2019
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The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

17 Lipiec 2019
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The spread of ICT in the economy is changing both the types of jobs that employ people and the types of tasks that people perform in their jobs. The latest research on the content of work suggests that computerisation has boosted the proportion of jobs with social interaction at their core, while at

1 Lipiec 2019
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 Maj 2019
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Company restructuring may hit the headlines less in good times, but it remains a central experience in the working life of many. According to the most recent European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) data, just under one in three (30%) employees in the EU reported that restructuring had taken place

2 Maj 2019
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 Marzec 2019
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After more than 60 years of European policy on the equal treatment of women and men, men still outnumber women in management positions by almost two to one. The women who do make it into management are more likely to be in non-supervising management roles where they manage operational

7 Marzec 2019

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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