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Ocuparea forței de muncă și piețele muncii

Ocuparea forței de muncă și piețele muncii fac obiectul uneia dintre cele șase activități principale din cadrul programului de activitate al Eurofound pentru perioada 2021-2024. Eurofound va funcționa în continuare ca centru de expertiză pentru monitorizarea și analiza evoluțiilor pieței muncii, în special având în vedere că piețele europene ale muncii se confruntă cu provocări majore în urma pandemiei de COVID-19. Activitățile sale de cercetare și de culegere de date vor pune accentul pe consecințele pandemiei asupra muncii și a ocupării forței de muncă, precum și pe modul de a menține funcționarea pieței muncii și caracterul favorabil incluziunii al acesteia.

În perioada 2021–2024, activitățile de cercetare desfășurate de Eurofound vor oferi informații importante cu privire la provocările și la perspectivele din domeniul ocupării forței de muncă și al piețelor muncii din UE. Eurofound joacă un rol important în monitorizarea tendințelor de pe piața muncii, precum și în monitorizarea impactului acestor tendințe asupra diferitelor categorii de lucrători.

Activitățile de cercetare se vor axa, în general, pe structura în schimbare a pieței muncii, utilizând instrumentele de monitorizare consacrate ale Eurofound, Monitorul european al locurilor de muncă (EJM) și Monitorul european al restructurărilor (ERM), alături de datele furnizate de Eurostat. În contextul unei rate a șomajului ridicate preconizate în unele țări, regiuni, sectoare și ocupații, care afectează și lucrătorii cu cele mai precare locuri de muncă și lucrătorii cei mai vulnerabili, aceste instrumente vor contribui la identificarea sectoarelor, a ocupațiilor și a calificărilor care se află într-un proces de dezvoltare sau de regres. ERM va continua, de asemenea, să examineze evenimentele de restructurare la scară largă, instrumentele legislative și de sprijin, precum și măsurile luate de partenerii sociali și de autoritățile publice pentru acordarea de asistență lucrătorilor care se mută de la un loc de muncă la altul sau de la un sector la altul.

Eurofound se va concentra, de asemenea, pe deficitul de forță de muncă și pe resursele umane și talentele insuficient utilizate în anumite sectoare și ocupații, fenomene accentuate în timpul pandemiei de COVID-19, analizând intervențiile la nivel de politici și practicile întreprinderilor. Temele specifice vor include neconcordanța de competențe timpul de lucru , mobilitatea geografică sau profesională și integrarea migranților , precum și includerea pe piața muncii a grupurilor subreprezentate, cum ar fi tineriifemeile și persoanele cu dizabilități . Eurofound va analiza, de asemenea, sectoarele afectate în mod tradițional de deficitul de forță de muncă, o problemă care devine tot mai presantă din cauza pandemiei. Această activitate va contribui la lucrările de pregătire a următoarei ediții a Sondajului european în rândul întreprinderilor (ECS) .

De asemenea, Eurofound va continua să colaboreze cu Centrul Comun de Cercetare (JRC) al Comisiei Europene în acest domeniu. Cercetările în materie de restructurare vor contribui la activitățile Fondului european de ajustare la globalizare (FEG) și ale Fondului social european Plus (FSE+). Se vor analiza legăturile cu agenția omoloagă Cedefop și cu Autoritatea Europeană a Muncii în ceea ce privește competențele și mobilitatea forței de muncă în contextul unor politici de ocupare a forței de muncă care vizează combaterea deficitului de forță de muncă.

„Încă există șase din zece persoane care au contract de muncă pe durată nedeterminată, nelimitată. Deși cifrele pe care le deținem cu privire la „munca atipică”, și anume la munca cu fracțiune de normă și pe perioadă determinată, nu s-au schimbat cu adevărat în ultimii cinci - zece ani, acestea ascund o trecere către forme de muncă mai precare, iar persoanele cu contracte precare nu au același acces la ocuparea forței de muncă sau la protecție socială.”

Tina Weber, directoare de cercetare, unitatea Ocuparea forței de muncă

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Recent updates

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From July to December 2024, Eurofound supports the work of Hungary's presidency of the Council of the EU, providing valuable research results on specific topics linked with the presidency priorities.

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Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency...

Presentation

Principalele mesaje de politică

Infografic

Principalele constatări care rezultă din cercetările Eurofound oferă informații care contribuie la abordarea, de către factorii de decizie, a unora dintre problemele principale în acest domeniu.

  • Înainte de criza provocată de pandemia de COVID-19 și de impactul generat de aceasta, redresarea pieței muncii din Europa a dus la o rată de ocupare a forței de muncă în UE apropiată de obiectivul său de 75 % pentru 2020. Deși unice prin natura lor specifică, lecțiile învățate ca urmare a crizelor anterioare au arătat că menținerea legăturii lucrătorilor cu piața muncii și, acolo unde este posibil, consolidarea competențelor reprezintă modalități importante de asigurare a unei redresări rapide.
  • În mod constant, nivelul de ocupare a forței de muncă a cunoscut cea mai slabă creștere în cazul locurilor de muncă plătite la un nivel mediu - cel mai considerabil în timpul recesiunilor - și cea mai puternică creștere în cazul locurilor de muncă bine plătite.
  • Nivelurile stabile la care se situează munca atipică maschează o creștere a numărului de locuri de muncă precare pentru anumite grupuri, numărul de lucrători cu „alte tipuri de contracte” sau „fără contracte” fiind din ce în ce mai mare. Pandemia de COVID-19 influențează în continuare situația critică a acestor lucrători care au fost cel mai puternic afectați de criză și care sunt expuși riscului de a fi afectați cel mai grav pe termen lung.
  • Creșterea înregistrată de diferitele forme de muncă atipică duce la divizări mai profunde pe piețele muncii din UE între lucrătorii care beneficiază de o protecție adecvată și cei care au un acces limitat la protecție socială și la drepturile în materie de încadrare în muncă, contribuind la o segmentare mai accentuată a pieței muncii.Acesta este, în special, cazul numărului tot mai mare de lucrători încadrați în „forme combinate de muncă atipică” (care au un statut ce combină forme de muncă atipică: de exemplu, lucrători temporari și cu fracțiune de normă, lucrători independenți și cu fracțiune de normă).
  • Creșterea actuală a numărului de locuri de muncă precare va necesita soluții la nivel de politici pentru a sprijini lucrătorii cu acces limitat la protecție socială și la reprezentare. Acest lucru este cu atât mai relevant în contextul impactului emergent al pandemiei de COVID-19, care implică riscuri existențiale deosebite pentru mulți lucrători cu locuri de muncă precare și pentru mulți lucrători independenți.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound’s research will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects in the area of employment and labour markets in the EU. Eurofound has an important role to play in monitoring trends in the labour market, as well as monitoring the impact of these trends for different groups of workers.

Research will focus overall on the changing structure of the labour market using Eurofound’s well established monitoring instruments, the European Jobs Monitor (EJM) and the European Restructuring Monitor (ERM), alongside Eurostat data. With high levels of unemployment expected in some countries, regions, sectors and occupations, affecting also the most precarious and vulnerable workers, these instruments will help identify growing and declining sectors, occupations and qualifications. The ERM will also continue to examine large-scale restructuring events, legislative and support instruments, as well as measures developed by social partners and public authorities to assist workers transitioning between jobs or sectors.

Eurofound will also focus on labour shortages and under-utilised human resources and talent in certain sectors and occupations – accentuated during COVID-19 – by exploring policy interventions and company practices. Specific topics will include skills mismatches, working time, geographical or occupational mobility, and the integration of migrants, as well as covering groups underrepresented in the labour market such as young people, women and people with disabilities. Eurofound will also look at sectors traditionally affected by labour shortages, the issue becoming more urgent due to the pandemic. This activity will feed into the preparatory work for the next edition of the European Company Survey (ECS).

Eurofound’s collaboration with the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) will also continue in this area. Research on restructuring will contribute to the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) and the European Social Fund+ (ESF+) activities. Links with sister agency Cedefop and the European Labour Authority will be explored as regards skills and labour mobility in the context of employment policies aimed at tackling labour shortages.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to provide knowledge to support structural change, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to help address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of employment and labour market structures.

Specifically, Eurofound collects data and analyses trends in employment and labour market developments, identifying and examining gaps and groups at risk, in order to provide the European Commission and other EU institutions, Member State bodies and social partners with the support needed to devise more effective employment policies.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines 2021–2024, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a strong social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

 

Eurofound research

In 2024, Eurofound continues to monitor and analyse how the EU’s labour market structure is changing, looking at patterns related to employment status, workers’ demographic characteristics, and net job creation and job loss by sector and occupation, particularly in light of the challenges triggered by COVID-19 and Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Analysis draws on data from the European Jobs Monitor (EJM), European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) and Eurostat and the work involves ongoing updates to the EJM and ERM databases. 

In 2024, Eurofound publishes the findings of research investigating employment shifts across EU regions, from the pandemic to the recovery. In particular, the research focuses on the gap between urban/capital and rural areas and on patterns of sectoral specialisation which made some regions more exposed or resilient than others. The research investigates the evolution of telework across European regions, including the observed differences in the take up of regional telework. This work builds on the EJM regional analyses and the previous Eurofound/Joint Research Centre analysis on teleworkable jobs.

Eurofound finalises its analysis of the impact of short-time work schemes on retaining employment and securing incomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. One output from this project is a comparative database of the support measures used in the Member States. The research aims to derive policy lessons regarding effective instruments for future crises. 

Complementing earlier research on mapping the incidence of labour shortages and assessing policies to address shortages, Eurofound concludes its analysis of company/organisational practices. Some case studies look specifically at how displaced people from Ukraine have been integrated into the labour market. 

New research in 2024 investigates shifts in the employment structure in the first quarter of the 21st century, examining the pace of change (technological, globalisation/trade-related, demographic) and its impacts on labour markets.

Research begins on measuring job differences in task requirements and their implications for mobility and employment reallocation across the economy. It aims to determine the magnitude and the nature of changes in job tasks following a job move.

Work also commences on exploring wage determinants in the EU, with a specific focus on gender gaps. This research aims to identify correlations between trends in educational attainment and wages by gender, as well as the determinants of any mismatch between wages and education levels by gender.

Key outputs

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Eurofound's 2024 work programme is set in the context of the upcoming European elections, war in Ukraine, renewed Middle East conflict and rising cost of living across the EU.

23 Ianuarie 2024
Publication
Work programme

Eurofound expert(s)

John Hurley

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He is responsible for the European...

Senior research manager,
Employment research unit
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Carlos Vacas Soriano is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
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​Martina Bisello is a research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include gender gaps in the labour market, occupational change and the impact of...

Research manager,
Employment research unit
Publications results (594)

Employment levels in the EU27 recovered from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021 much faster than they did after the global financial crisis in 2008–2010. This was despite the immediate job loss effects of the two crises being of comparable scale. Demographic change is affecting labour

28 March 2024

In this report, we provide projections of how the Fit for 55 policy package may affect the sectoral and occupational structure of employment in the EU by 2030, and the impacts across different regions and countries.

25 October 2023

Anul 2022 a început cu un optimism prudent. Europa ieșea din cei doi ani ai pandemiei de COVID-19, iar NextGenerationEU prezenta un plan de redresare pentru construirea unui viitor puternic și durabil. Atacul Rusiei asupra Ucrainei de la începutul anului a schimbat însă situația în mod dramatic

04 May 2023

On request by the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Eurofound prepared a background paper as a basis for the discussion at the informal Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO) meeting on 3-4 May 2023. The paper outlines some of the key challenges

04 May 2023

Resursele umane contribuie la succesul unei organizații prin competențele lor. Potrivit modelului AMO (abilitate, motivație, oportunitate), contribuția angajaților la performanța organizațională depinde de competențele lor, de motivația de a-și folosi competențele și de oportunitățile de a face

30 March 2023

Pe măsură ce economiile încep să se redreseze după pandemia de COVID-19, deficitul de forță de muncă este din ce în ce mai evident, în pofida impactului războiului din Ucraina asupra prețurilor la energie și la mărfuri. Este vorba mai ales de deficitul exacerbat de criză în anumite sectoare și

28 March 2023

Piețele de muncă europene au avut o redresare dinamică după pandemia de COVID-19. La sfârșitul anului 2021, după puțin mai mult de 18 luni de la începutul pandemiei, ratele de ocupare în UE erau aproape la nivelurile de dinaintea crizei. Raportul de față sintetizează evoluțiile de pe piața muncii

20 October 2022

Digitisation and automation technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), can affect working conditions in a variety of ways and their use in the workplace raises a host of new ethical concerns. Recently, the policy debate surrounding these concerns has become more prominent and has

30 May 2022

Pandemia de COVID-19 a continuat să fie o forță definitorie în viața și munca europenilor pentru al doilea an în 2021, iar Eurofound și-a continuat activitatea de analizare și înregistrare a numeroaselor și diverselor efecte în toate statele membre ale UE. Raportul Condiții de viață și de muncă în

09 May 2022

Schimbările tehnologice se accelerează pe măsură ce se extinde capacitatea dispozitivelor electronice de a stoca, prelucra și comunica informații în format digital. Digitalizarea transformă economia și piețele muncii din UE: aproape o treime din locurile de muncă din UE sunt clasificate ca fiind

15 December 2021

Online resources results (959)

Presentation made at the 'Informal meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO)' by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound and Prof. dr. Paul Schoukens, Full Professor, KU Leuven. Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Namur, 11-12 January 2024.

11 Ianuarie 2024
Climate change objectives and decarbonisation measures are vital for the future of Europe. But how will these objectives impact employment and the labour market? In this episode of the Eurofound Talks podcast series, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Senior Research Manager John Hurley about new
22 Noiembrie 2023
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Big tech dismissals: What is the impact in the EU?

Between the end of 2022 and the first half of 2023, almost 300,000 employees working for ‘big tech’ companies were laid off across the world, making headlines for months in global media. This development has been a shock, considering the high numbers of jobs in well-known tech corporations with a re

In this episode of Eurofound Talks, recorded for International Women's Day 2023, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Working Life researchers Jorge Cabrita and Viginta Ivaškaitė-Tamošiūnė about how, when paid and unpaid work are combined, women do eight full-time weeks more work than men per year
8 Martie 2023
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Building resilience after COVID-19: EU measures to protect jobs and promote skills

Since 2011, the Restructuring support instruments database of the EU PolicyWatch has been collecting information on measures that assist companies and workers to anticipate and manage restructuring. This article looks at measures in the database aimed at supporting employees and employers during the

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EU labour markets resilient despite energy-cost related restructuring

Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas

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First impacts of the Ukrainian crisis on employment in the EU

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has shocked the world and the international community. Cities being destroyed, civilians wounded, innocent lives lost, refugees fleeing to other countries, and economic sanctions have become everyday news as this unprovoked and unlawful war unfolds.

Image of woman paying for goods by credit card through a smartphone in a coffee shop

Bank restructuring: disruptors versus incumbents

While high-street banks reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic by accelerating the push to digitalisation and cutting jobs, some digital-only banks are recruiting new staff to meet growing demand. An example is the ‘disruptor’ bank Revolut which has recently announced the creation of 1,000 jobs worldwide


Blogs results (55)

‘Building back better’ is not just an empty slogan – we need the construction sector to help us achieve our climate targets. Eurofound research reveals that construction is where the Fit for 55 climate policy package will generate the most net new employment.

4 Decembrie 2023
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The European Commission declared 2023 as the European Year of Skills, stating ‘Helping people get the right skills for quality jobs and helping companies, in particular small and medium enterprises, address skills shortages in the EU is what this year is all about.’

27 Martie 2023
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'Women belong in all the places where decisions are made', to borrow from the late Ruth Bader Ginsburg. These decisions are made everywhere and at every level: in the home and at the workplace; in the boardroom and on the shop floor. Which is why it is of such serious concern to see the ongoing deep

8 Martie 2023
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The platform economy is one of those moving targets, which, despite receiving increasing media and policy attention, has proven difficult to regulate. Given the heterogeneity of employment relationships, business models, types of platform work and cross-border issues, this is not surprising. Yet, in

27 Septembrie 2022
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Following the declines in employment rates and working hours across Europe in 2020, economies began to show signs of recovery during the first quarter of 2021. The gradual rekindling of economic activity has led to a surge in demand for workers and reawakened concerns over labour shortages

20 Iulie 2021
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On 9 May, the Conference on the Future of Europe will get underway. Floated well before the COVID-19 outbreak, its timing in the wake of the seismic shifts precipitated by the pandemic, and its implementation alongside the European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan, means that the outcomes could

4 Mai 2021
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The pandemic has had differential impacts on women. Raised consciousness about them must be applied to advance gender equality in recovery measures. All crises have a strongly gendered impact and none more so than the current pandemic, across a range of indicators. While the virus itself seems to

28 Aprilie 2021
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​​​​​​​To date, close to six million workers in the EU have lost their jobs due to COVID-19. Many businesses have closed their doors forever or been pushed to the brink, bringing severe financial and psychological hardship to the individuals and families affected. However, the toll of the pandemic

9 Februarie 2021
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The employment fallout of COVID-19 has been a story of two types of service work. Office-based knowledge workers have largely kept their jobs and incomes while participating in the huge and apparently successful ad hoc social experiment in working from home. Client-facing service workers have borne

2 Februarie 2021

Upcoming publications results (4)

This report provides updated data on the scale of labour shortages and labour market slack in the EU and at Member State level and focusses on organisational policies aimed at attracting workers in shortage occupations. It provides lessons on steps employers can take to fill vacancies, whether actin

September 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

Job retention schemes were the main policy instruments used across the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve employment and support businesses. The report provides an analysis of job retention schemes in the EU, focusing on their institutional characteristics, their impact on employment levels

September 2024
Forthcoming
Publication
Research report

This report investigates regional employment dynamics in Europe before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent recovery from the crisis. Almost 90% of regions across the EU had exceeded their pre-pandemic employment levels by 2022. However, significant regional disparities in emp

August 2024

Living and working in Europe, Eurofound’s 2023 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as explored in the Agency’s research activities over the course of 2023. This overview also describes how Eurofound's activities connect with the policy prioriti

May 2024
Data results (3)

The European Jobs Monitor (EJM) tracks structural change in European labour markets. It analyses shifts in the employment structure in the EU in terms of occupation and sector and gives a qualitative assessment of these shifts using various proxies of job quality – wages, skill levels, etc.

2 Mai 2023

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