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Arbetsvillkor och hållbart arbete

Arbetsvillkor och hållbart arbete är en av de sex främsta aktiviteterna i Eurofounds arbetsprogram för perioden 2021–2024. Eurofound kommer att fortsätta fungera som ett centrum för expertis som övervakar och analyserar utvecklingen på detta område, inräknat hur covid-19 -krisen har påverkat arbetsvillkor och kvalitet i arbetet, liksom praxis på arbetsplatsen.

Under 2021–2024 kommer Eurofound att tillhandahålla viktiga insikter i de utmaningar och framtidsutsikter som förknippas med arbetsvillkor och hållbart arbete i EU. Med utgångspunkt i länge etablerad expertis på området kommer Eurofound att undersöka tendenser och framsteg över tid samt identifiera nya problem gällande arbetsvillkor och kvalitet i arbetet. Analysen kommer att omfatta olika länder, sektorer, yrken och arbetstagargrupper avseende frågor som arbetsorganisationoch distansarbete, arbetstid, balans mellan arbete och fritid, likabehandling, hälsa och välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen, kompetens och utbildning, inkomster och framtidsutsikter samt arbetstillfredsställelse.Atypiska anställningsformerkommer att ges ett särskilt fokus, särskilt verksamhet som egenföretagare.

Mot bakgrund av EU:s demografiska utmaning med en åldrande befolkning och arbetslivets ökande mångfald kommer Eurofound att fortsätta utforska de faktorer som gör det möjligt för fler arbetstagare att fortsätta arbeta längre. Analysen kommer även att rikta ljuset mot förbättrad kvalitet i arbetet som ett incitament för att öka deltagandet på arbetsmarknaden och förstärka arbetstagarnas motivation, vilket bidrar till hållbart arbete genom hela livet.

Sambanden mellan arbete och hälsa kommer att undersökas i nära samarbete med Europeiska arbetsmiljöbyrån (EU-Osha). Eurofound avser att bygga vidare på sitt samarbete med Internationella arbetsorganisationen (ILO) om frågor kring framtidens arbete och arbetsvillkoren på global nivå.

"Det är totalt sett goda nyheter eftersom arbetsvillkoren inom EU förbättras – även om detta sker mycket långsamt – men problemet är att det inte nödvändigtvis är sant för alla grupper av arbetstagare. Det beror på vilken sektor du arbetar i, liksom vilken utbildningsnivå du har, och uppriktigt sagt beror det också på om du är man eller kvinna.”

Barbara Gerstenberger, chef för arbetslivsenheten

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Centrala politiska budskap

Infografik 2021

De främsta fynden från Eurofounds forskning används som underlag för beslutsfattarnas hantering av vissa av de centrala frågorna på detta område.

  • Förbättrade arbetsvillkor är avgörande för såväl arbetstagare som arbetsgivare. Många olika aspekter av arbetskvalitet måste övervägas. God kvalitet i arbetet gör att människor kan arbeta längre och ha ett bättre yrkesliv samt hjälper till att skapa hållbart arbete och en positiv balans mellan arbete och fritid.
  • Arbetsvillkoren i EU förbättras i allmänhet, även om framstegen sker gradvis. Framstegen har inte gått lika snabbt för vissa grupper av arbetstagare: det beror på typen av anställningsavtal, sektorn och nivån av utbildning.
  • Det finns många sätt att förbättra arbetsvillkoren och kvaliteten i arbetet i EU. Regeringar har verkligen en viktig roll att spela när det gäller att fastställa ramverket genom reglering. Men arbetstagarna och arbetsgivarna liksom deras organisationer är också viktiga aktörer. För många dimensioner av kvalitet i arbetet är det på arbetsplatsen som förändringarna sker.
  • Bara en femtedel av de europeiska företagen har upptäckt hemligheten bakom ett optimalt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen och företagsresultat. Arbetsplatser i gruppen ”stora investeringar, stort inflytande” har visat sig erbjuda de bästa resultaten för arbetstagare och arbetsgivare, med förbättrade resultat och ökad kvalitet i arbetet genom att öka de anställdas autonomi, underlätta de anställdas deltagande och främja utbildning och lärande.
  • Många människor kämpar med att kombinera sitt arbete och sina åtaganden utanför arbetet, särskilt föräldrar och andra vårdnadshavare. Samtidigt som flexibla arbetsformer kan avhjälpa dessa svårigheter, medför de också utmaningar. Distansarbete erbjuder till exempel mer frihet att välja när och var man vill arbeta, men kan också leda till längre arbetstider med högre intensitet och till större svårigheter att koppla bort arbetet.
  • Det ökade distansarbetet under covid-19-pandemin har visat på de otydliga gränserna mellan arbete och privatliv. Regeringar och arbetsmarknadens parter diskuterar initiativ avseende ”rätten att koppla ned” för att förhindra att stora grupper av arbetstagare löper risk för fysisk och emotionell utmattning.
  • Arbetsmarknadens parter bör i framtiden sträva efter att införa bestämmelser för arbetstagare om distansarbetets frivilliga karaktär eller om specifika arbetsuppgifters lämplighet för distansarbete i eventuella rättsliga ramar eller avtal. Det är också viktigt att klargöra hur arbetsgivare kan bidra till utgifter i samband med att arbeta hemifrån, liksom garantier för lika lön och tillgång till utbildning för dem som arbetar på distans.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (567)

The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

14 December 2020

Closing gender gaps in the labour market by achieving the equal participation of women is among the key objectives of the new Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025. Despite significant progress in reducing the gender employment gap, it has stagnated over the past few years. Moreover, segregation in

09 December 2020

New digital technologies have expanded the possibilities of employee monitoring and surveillance, both in and outside the workplace. In the context of the increasing digitalisation of work, there are many issues related to employee monitoring that warrant the attention of policymakers. As well as

09 December 2020

Megatrends, such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change, are transforming the world of work, with knock-on effects for working conditions and job quality. Against this background, this report examines working conditions and job quality from a sectoral perspective

05 November 2020

This report presents the findings of the Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, carried out by Eurofound to capture the far-reaching implications of the pandemic for the way people live and work across Europe. The survey was fielded online, among respondents who were reached via Eurofound’s

28 September 2020

Platform work– the matching of supply and demand for paid labour through an online platform – is still small in scale but is expected to grow. Accordingly, it is important to anticipate the opportunities and risks related to this business model and employment form. This report explores potential

21 September 2020

Around three-quarters of the EU workforce is employed in the service sector, and a sizeable portion of service workers interact directly with the recipients of the services they provide, such as clients, patients, pupils and so on. This can be demanding work as it routinely places emotional demands

15 July 2020

How do organisations get the best out of their employees? Research on human resource management has found that a key practice is employee involvement: enabling employees to make decisions on their own work and to contribute to organisational decision-making. A high degree of employee involvement

06 July 2020

Developments in information and communication technology (ICT) have been among the key drivers of change in working life over the past two decades. Specifically, telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) exemplifies how digital technology has led to more flexible workplace and working time

02 July 2020

Although a small proportion of the EU workforce holds down more than one job, it is worth understanding the phenomenon better, not only because it is growing by degrees, but also because of the impact it can have on workers’ health and well-being and what it can tell us about the labour market

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Online resources results (1778)

The Renault case and the future of Social Europe

The shock announcement by French motor manufacturer Renault, on 28 February 1997, of the closure of its plant at Vilvoorde, led to an unprecedented public display of condemnation among the political establishment of the European Union (EU). The closure of the plant, in the Belgian Prime Minister's

Forthcoming mass redundancies at Tele Danmark: the Danish telecom sector in transformation

On 29 January 1997, Tele Danmark informed its employees of its decision to reduce staff by 2,500 and take on 500 new employees. The decision, which was due to come into effect by mid-1998, is part of an efficiency plan, which will cut annual costs by DKK 600 million and implement major

Employers and unions adopt positions on labour market reform

Employers and unions want to reduce the amount of temporary recruitment and the number of types of employment contract. They also want to increase their freedom to negotiate labour market issues through collective bargaining. These are the key issues in the current debate over a new round of labour

National conference on youth employment

In a context of increasingly difficult youth employment in France, and of social tension about what course of action to take, a recent national conference has defined a number of concrete objectives. These seek to secure employment for the most disadvantaged, and to expose students to the world of

Job security agreement at Blue Circle

In January 1997, the cement company, Blue Circle (BCC), and two of Britain's largest trade unions, the Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) and the General Municipal and Boilermakers Union (GMB), agreed what has been described as a "ground breaking" deal which gives a guarantee of job security

Working time moves to the top of the agenda

The immediate catalyst for the current prominence of working time in UK industrial relations is the failure in November 1996 of the Government's attempt to have the EU Directive on certain aspects of the organisation of working time (Council Directive 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993) annulled by the

Low wages in a high-wage economy

Compared to many other western industrialised countries, Germany has the image of being a high-wage economy with a relatively low inequality of incomes and living standards. This is mainly the result of the German system of branch-level central collective bargaining (Flächentarifvertrag), where

Controversial changes in Employment Security Act provide for more bargaining at company level

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Blogs results (61)

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Women and frontline workers are most exposed to the risks of adverse social behaviour at work, such as burnout, exhaustion, anxiety and depression. This is according to the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS). In this data story, we dive into EWCTS data (EU27) to examine the

A worker sitting on the floor

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we live and work. With the lifting of restrictions across the globe, we are now able to examine the many repercussions on the world of work. In particular, the unique demands of the last few years have shone a harsh spotlight on the pressures brought to bear

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13 juli 2022
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The answer is yes – potentially. Assessing the environmental benefits of telework is a complex task, because any move to work from home involves a series of changes in individuals’ daily lives and activities, as well as company-level decisions, that may positively or negatively influence the level

23 juni 2022
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As we leave behind the lockdowns and business disruptions of COVID-19 and enter a ‘new normal’, it is time to talk about how workplaces might be transformed to drive innovation. Some may baulk at this suggestion, as we continue to grapple with the pandemic fallout, but crises have always been a

28 juni 2021
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COVID-19 has shown that some things can hit us out of the blue. The pandemic sent a shockwave through businesses all over the world and has brought massive changes to work organisation, internal communication and day-to-day operations for many companies. Doubtless, the depth of the pandemic’s impact

21 juni 2021

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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