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Arbejdsvilkår og bæredygtigt arbejde

Arbejdsvilkår og bæredygtigt arbejde er en af de seks hovedaktiviteter i Eurofounds arbejdsprogram for 2021-2024. Eurofound vil fortsætte sine aktiviteter som et ekspertisecenter for overvågning og analyse af udviklinger på dette område, herunder hvordan covid-19 -krisen har påvirket arbejdsvilkår og jobkvalitet samt praksis på arbejdspladser.

I 2021-2024 vil Eurofound give vigtige indsigter i udfordringer og fremtidsudsigter for arbejdsvilkår og bæredygtigt arbejde i EU. På baggrund af sin mangeårige ekspertise på dette område ser Eurofound på tendenser og udviklingsforløb over tid og peger på nye problemområder, når det gælder arbejdsvilkår og jobkvalitet. Analysen vil dække forskellige lande, sektorer, erhverv og grupper af arbejdstagere i relation til emner som arbejdets tilrettelæggelse og hjemmearbejde arbejdstid , balance mellem arbejde og privatliv ligebehandling sundhed og trivsel på arbejdspladsen kompetencer og uddannelse løn og fremtidsudsigter og jobtilfredshed. Atypisk arbejde , navnlig selvstændig virksomhed, vil få særligt fokus.

I lyset af EU's demografiske udfordring med en aldrende befolkning og stigende mangfoldighed på arbejdspladsen vil Eurofound fortsat undersøge de faktorer, der gør det muligt for flere arbejdstagere at forblive på arbejdsmarkedet i længere tid. Agenturet vil også sætte fokus på at forbedre jobkvaliteten som et instrument til at øge deltagelsen på arbejdsmarkedet og styrke medarbejdermotivationen og dermed bidrage til bæredygtigt arbejde over et livsforløb.

Forbindelserne mellem arbejde og sundhed vil blive undersøgt i tæt samarbejde med Det Europæiske Arbejdsmiljøagentur (EU-OSHA). Eurofound ønsker at bygge videre på sit samarbejde med Den Internationale Arbejdsorganisation (ILO) om emner, der vedrører fremtidens arbejde og arbejdsvilkår på globalt plan.

 

"Overordnet er dette en god nyhed, for arbejdsvilkårene i Den Europæiske Union bliver stadig bedre — omend langsomt — men problemet er, at dette ikke nødvendigvis gælder alle grupper af arbejdstagere. Det afhænger enormt meget af, hvilken sektor man arbejder i, ens uddannelsesniveau, og faktisk også, hvorvidt man er en mand eller en kvinde."

— Barbara Gerstenberger, leder af Working Life-enheden

Topic

Recent updates

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Centrale politiske budskaber

Infografik 2021

Hovedkonklusionerne i Eurofounds forskning skal tjene som input til beslutningstagerne i håndteringen af nogle af de centrale problemstillinger på dette område.

  • Forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene er af afgørende betydning for arbejdstagere og arbejdsgivere. Mange forskellige aspekter i relation til jobkvalitet skal tages i betragtning. Mennesker med jobs, hvor jobkvaliteten er høj, har bedre mulighed for et længere og bedre arbejdsliv, hvilket bidrager til bæredygtigt arbejde og en positiv balance mellem arbejde og privatliv.
  • Arbejdsvilkårene i EU bliver generelt bedre, også selv om det sker gradvist. Fremgangen har ikke været så hurtig for visse grupper af arbejdstagere: Det afhænger af type af ansættelseskontrakt, sektor og uddannelsesniveau.
  • Der er mange måder at forbedre arbejdsvilkårene og jobkvaliteten i EU på. Regeringerne har givetvis en vigtig rolle i at etablere rammerne gennem regulering. Men arbejdstagere og arbejdsgivere og disses organisationer er også vigtige aktører. Det gælder for mange aspekter af jobkvalitet, at arbejdspladsen er der, hvor forandringen sker.
  • Kun en femtedel af europæiske virksomheder har fundet nøglen til at opnå optimal trivsel på arbejdspladsen samtidig med optimale forretningsresultater. Arbejdspladser med "høje investeringer, høj medarbejderinddragelse" har vist sig at give de bedste resultater for arbejdstagere og arbejdsgivere i form af bedre forretningsresultater og bedre jobkvalitet, som er opnået gennem større medarbejderautonomi, styrkelse af medarbejderinddragelsen og fokus på læring og uddannelse.
  • Mange mennesker kæmper med at kombinere arbejde med andre forpligtelser, navnlig forældre og andre omsorgspersoner. Fleksible arbejdsformer kan gøre det nemmere at håndtere den slags udfordringer, men de giver samtidig andre udfordringer. Hjemmearbejde giver for eksempel mere frihed til at vælge, hvornår og hvor man vil arbejde, men kan også føre til, at man arbejder længere og mere intenst og kan have svært ved at få fokus væk fra arbejdet.
  • Det stigende omfang af hjemmearbejde under covid-19-pandemien viser tydeligt, at skillelinjen mellem arbejde og privatliv udviskes. Mange regeringer og arbejdsmarkedsparter diskuterer initiativer, der vedrører "retten til at være offline" for at forhindre, at store grupper af arbejdstagere rammes af fysisk og følelsesmæssig udbrændthed.
  • Fremover skal arbejdsmarkedets partnere sigte mod at indarbejde bestemmelser i de juridiske rammer eller overenskomster om, at hjemmearbejde skal være frivilligt for arbejdstagere, og om specifikke opgavers egnethed til hjemmearbejde. Det vil også være vigtigt at få afklaret, på hvilken måde arbejdsgivere kan bidrage til de udgifter, der er forbundet med hjemmearbejde, samt hvordan man sikrer lige løn og adgang til uddannelse for hjemmearbejdende.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (567)

Living and working in Europe, Eurofound’s 2019 yearbook, provides a snapshot of the latest developments in the work and lives of Europeans as explored in the Agency’s research activities over the course of 2019. The range of topics as a result is broad, from the growing diversity of employment

08 June 2020

This report, as part of an annual series on minimum wages, summarises the key developments during 2019 and early 2020 around the EU initiative on fair wages and puts the national debates on setting the rates for 2020 and beyond in this context. The report features how minimum wages were set and the

04 June 2020

På bare få uger har covid-19-pandemien, som er forårsaget af den nye coronavirus, radikalt ændret menneskers liv rundt omkring i verden. Covid-19-pandemien har ikke bare haft frygtelige helbredsmæssige konsekvenser for dem, der har været direkte berørt af virussen. Den har også haft store

06 May 2020

Gender inequality at work persists across Europe, despite the long standing attention paid and efforts made to tackle it. This Eurofound report presents a closer look at women’s and men’s working conditions, using data from Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and complementing

03 March 2020

The debate about the posting of workers in the EU, its economic and social consequences, and ways to manage it is hampered by the fact that reliable, comparable data on the phenomenon are lacking. Accurate statistics on the number of posted workers, their characteristics and working conditions are s

20 January 2020

Advances in ICT have opened the door to new ways of organising work. We are shifting from a regular, bureaucratic and ‘factory-based’ working time pattern towards a more flexible model of work. Telework and ICT-based mobile work (TICTM) has emerged in this transition, giving workers and employers

16 January 2020

Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment.

20 December 2019

Social convergence has gained an equal footing alongside economic convergence as an EU goal in the wake of the economic crisis. This report presents the results of a study into convergence in working conditions, a major component of social policymaking. It examines whether working conditions have

12 December 2019

Employment statistics consistently show that having a foreign background has an influence on people’s employment prospects. Less is known about the types of jobs workers with foreign backgrounds hold and their working conditions. This policy brief contributes to filling this gap.

27 November 2019

The number of workers living with chronic health conditions is rising in the EU. Such conditions affect people’s ability to work to varying degrees. While some are unable to continue working, many wish to and would be able to do so if their workplace made adaptations to accommodate their needs.

15 October 2019

Online resources results (1778)

In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective

15 april 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 januar 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 oktober 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

Female teleworker taking notes during video conference on her laptop

Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


Blogs results (61)
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One year after Germany’s introduction of the Entgelttransparenzgesetz (Wage Transparency Act), the results are somewhat underwhelming. This law is Germany’s take on the European Commission’s recommendation on introducing pay transparency measures to combat the gender pay gap.

4 februar 2019
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Unemployment in the EU is continuing to fall, with the rate approaching its 2008 low point. This is good news: the Europe 2020 target of 75% employment in the working age population is now in sight for many Member States. However, as unemployment reaches new lows, the opposite problem is emerging –

19 november 2018
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Over the last decade, European labour markets have seen a surge in the number of older workers in work and a continuous decline in their unemployment rates. A lot of young and middle-aged workers lost their jobs in the Great Recession, but not so the older age group. This favourable state of affairs

15 november 2018
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In the abstract, platform work is the matching of supply and demand for paid work through an online platform. In practice, most people are likely to have encountered it through big online platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk. This is a new form employment that began to emerge

2 november 2018
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Few events challenge the equilibrium between work and life like the arrival of a child. As gender roles continue to change in Europe, supporting the uptake of paternity and parental leave among fathers is fundamental, not just to close the ‘caring gap’ between men and women, but also to provide the

11 oktober 2018
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In this article, Jean-Marie Jungblut looks at the health of careers in Europe. He argues that, since the average length of the most important job in a person’s life is over 20 years, time should be put aside in the middle of a career to check the fit between the worker and the job. Different

21 juni 2018
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Europe is showing visible signs of progress; in most countries, labour markets are healthier than they have been in a decade, with more people active and in work than ever before, while social exclusion is declining. However, it is also a continent in transition, where an imbalance in opportunities

18 juni 2018
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Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest

14 juni 2018
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Digital technologies are transforming work, but the implications have not yet been fully grasped. In a recent Eurofound report, we focus on three main vectors of change to discuss the effects of digital technologies on work and employment and the policy responses such change demands.

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Research Manager Isabella Biletta looks at fraudulent practices in the contracting of work. Such practices involve the abuse of legitimate employment relationships with the aim of sidestepping labour and social regulations and with the effect of undermining workers’ rights and fair competition in

1 juni 2018

Upcoming publications results (4)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

The European population is living longer, with a declining natural population since 2014, offset only by positive net migration. The proportion of older people, especially those over 50, is increasing. Demographic ageing, where the working-age population shrinks while the number of older individuals

March 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

July 2024
Data results (1)

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