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Sotsiaalkaitse
Sotsiaalkaitsesüsteemid on loodud selleks, et kaitsta inimesi sissetuleku kaotuse eest, mis on seotud töötuse, halva tervise ja invaliidsusega, vanemliku vastutuse, laste- ja eluasemekulude, vanadusega või abikaasa või vanema kaotusega. Sotsiaalkaitsesüsteemide korraldamine ja rahastamine on ELi liikmesriikide ülesanne. Sellegipoolest on ELil eriline roll tagada, et riiklikke sotsiaalkindlustussüsteeme koordineerivate ELi õigusaktide kaudu on piisavalt kaitstud inimesed, kes liiguvad üle piiri ja kuuluvad seega erinevate sotsiaalkaitsesüsteemide kohaldamisalasse. Sellised õigusaktid puudutavad peamiselt riiklikke sotsiaalkindlustusskeeme.
Leia selle teema kohta uusim sisu allpool.
Foundation Forum 2025: Key takeaways
This paper provides the top 20 takeaways from the Foundation Forum 2025 which took place at IMMA Venues Dublin on 19–20 November 2025.Europe’s social model – The key to competitive growth – Background paper
This background paper outlines the context for the issues to be examined at Eurofound’s Foundation Forum 2025. As the global order proves to be increasingly volatile, the European Union itself is undergoing a profound transformation in terms of its socioeconomic and geopolitical landscape. Enhancing competitiveness and ensuring sustainable economic growth are now at the top of the EU agenda.Sotsiaalkaitse digitaliseerimine
See aruanne keskendub rahaliste sotsiaaltoetuste front- ja back-office protsesside digitaliseerimisele. 10 ELi liikmesriigis ja Norras on võimalik digitaalne taotlus kõigile või kõigile peale ühe, uuritud üheksast hüvitisest. Vähemalt viies liikmesriigis on mõnede hüvitiste puhul paberkandjal taotlemine lõpetatud.Eurofoundi uuringutes on vaadeldud juurdepääsu teenustele ja hüvedele nii konkreetsete vajaduste rahuldamise vahendina kui ka osana integreeritud jõupingutustest kaasatuse edendamiseks. Kvaliteetsed avalikud teenused on oluline vahend sotsiaalse kaitse ja sotsiaalse kaasatuse kõrge taseme saavutamiseks. Eurofoundi uuringus uuritakse mitmesuguste sotsiaalteenuste kättesaadavust ja kvaliteeti, samuti COVID-19 mõju selliste teenuste kasutamisele ja osutamisele. Keskendutakse nendele teenustele ja hüvitistele, mis vastavad haavatavate rühmade, näiteks eakate, rändajate, noorte või puuetega inimeste vajadustele.
Teadusuuringud keskenduvad ka struktuurimuutustele, mis on suuresti tingitud digiteerimisest, kliimamuutustest ja ka COVID-19-st (vt infograafik allpool), ning sellele, kuidas tagada õiglane üleminek, mis edendab sotsiaalkaitset ja töötajate õigusi.
ELi lepingu artiklis 2 on sotsiaalkaitse kõrge taseme edendamine põhiülesanne. Sotsiaalkaitsesüsteem hõlmab rahalisi ja mitterahalisi hüvitisi. Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste sambas rõhutatakse juurdepääsu lapsehoiule, tervishoiule, pikaajalisele hooldusele ja eluasemele koos töötushüvitiste, miinimumsissetuleku ja eakate inimeste ressurssidega, mis tagavad neile inimväärse elu.
Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste sambas on sätestatud 20 peamist põhimõtet ja õigust, mis on olulised õiglaste ja hästi toimivate tööturgude ja sotsiaalkaitsesüsteemide jaoks. Põhimõtted on üles ehitatud kolme kategooriasse, millest üks on sotsiaalkaitse ja kaasatus. 4. märtsil 2021 esitas Euroopa Komisjon oma tegevuskava samba täielikuks rakendamiseks, muutes põhimõtted konkreetseteks meetmeteks, mis toovad kasu ELi kodanikele, toetades samal ajal ka COVID-19 mõjust taastumist. Ebavõrdsuse vähendamiseks tegi komisjon ettepaneku seada ELile uus eesmärk vähendada 2030. aastaks vaesuse või sotsiaalse tõrjutuse ohus olevate inimeste arvu vähemalt 15 miljoni võrra, sealhulgas vähemalt 5 miljoni lapse võrra.
Euroopa Komisjon: Euroopa sotsiaalõiguste samba tegevuskavaopens in new tab
24. märtsil 2021 tegi komisjon ettepaneku ELi lapse õiguste strateegia ja nõukogu soovituse kohta, millega luuakse Euroopa lastegarantii, et tagada vaesuse ja sotsiaalse tõrjutuse ohus olevatele lastele tõhus juurdepääs sellistele põhiteenustele nagu tervishoid ja haridus. Tööhõive, sotsiaalpoliitika, tervise- ja tarbijakaitseküsimuste nõukogu võttis 14. juunil 2021 vastu Euroopa lastegarantii.
Euroopa Komisjon: ELi lapse õiguste strateegia ja Euroopa lastegarantiiopens in new tab
Euroopa Komisjon: nõukogu võttis vastu Euroopa lastegarantiiopens in new tab
Komisjon kasutab Euroopa poolaasta protsessi liikmesriikide sotsiaalkaitsesüsteemide jälgimiseks ja annab vajaduse korral riigipõhiseid soovitusi nende sotsiaal-eelarvete kasutamise kohta, et tagada piisav ja jätkusuutlik sotsiaalkaitse.
Euroopa Komisjon: Euroopa poolaastaopens in new tab
Teine Euroopa Komisjoni peamine prioriteet on luua digiajastule vastav Euroopa. See hõlmab investeerimist digitaalsetesse avalikesse teenustesse ja ka platvormitöötajatele piisava sotsiaalkaitse tagamist.
Euroopa Komisjon: Euroopa digikümnend: digieesmärgid aastaks 2030opens in new tab
See on valik kõige olulisematest tulemustest selle teema kohta.
8 October 2024
Social protection 2.0: Unemployment and minimum income benefits
This report focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits for people of working age. Individuals with short or no employment records (mainly young people), the self-employed, those with non-standard working arrangements, and the long-term unemployed are often not entitled to higher-tier, or any, unemployment benefits. No Member State was identified where more than 80% of those entitled to minimum income benefits receive them. Benefit recipients at higher risk of having an inadequate income include those without access to social housing in areas with high housing costs, unemployed individuals whose most recent job was low paid and the long-term unemployed people. The report also investigates the rejection of applications (frequently, around 30% are rejected), the digitalisation of application processes (most common for unemployment benefits) and economic activation requirements (typically, 1–6% of benefit recipients annually are sanctioned for not complying with activity requirements) and service entitlements.
30 May 2023
Unaffordable and inadequate housing in Europe
Unaffordable housing is a matter of great concern in the EU. It leads to homelessness, housing insecurity, financial strain and inadequate housing. It also prevents young people from leaving their family home. These problems affect people’s health and well-being, embody unequal living conditions and opportunities, and result in healthcare costs, reduced productivity and environmental damage. Private tenants have faced particularly large housing cost increases, and owners with mortgages are vulnerable to interest rate increases. In addition, many owners without mortgages, especially in post-communist and southern European countries, experience poverty and housing inadequacy. The cost-of-living crisis affects people in all tenancies. Social housing and rent subsidies support many, but capacity differs across and within countries, and these measures exclude certain groups in vulnerable situations and fail to reach everyone who is entitled to them. Three quarters of Member States have Housing First initiatives – providing housing for homeless people – but these mostly operate on a small scale. This report maps housing problems in the EU and the policies that address them, drawing on Eurofound’s Living, working and COVID-19 e-survey, European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents.
5 July 2022
Policies to support refugees from Ukraine
11 March 2021
COVID-19: Implications for employment and working life
Disclaimer - Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.
This report sets out to assess the initial impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employment in Europe (up to Q2 2020), including its effects across sectors and on different categories of workers. It also looks at measures implemented by policymakers in a bid to limit the negative effects of the crisis. It first provides an overview of policy approaches adopted to mitigate the impact of the crisis on businesses, workers and citizens. The main focus is on the development, content and impact of short-time working schemes, income support measures for self-employed people, hardship funds and rent and mortgage deferrals. Finally, it explores the involvement of social partners in the development and implementation of such measures and the role of European funding in supporting these schemes.
8 December 2020
Upward convergence in material well-being: Is a COVID-19 setback inevitable?
The EU strives for the upward convergence of its Member States, where their performance improves and gaps between them decrease. Nearly a decade after the Great Recession, the COVID-19 crisis has again put this objective under pressure. This policy brief focuses on convergence in material well-being in Europe. Trends in several indicators largely follow the economic cycle, with upward convergence in good times and downward divergence in bad times. This could mean further divergence and polarisation among Member States as we face a new economic downturn, with the prospect of an uneven pace of recovery across countries when growth returns.
The policy brief presents an overview of policy measures implemented by the EU and Member States to smooth the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. It discusses EU coordination of minimum income schemes as a possible tool to limit deterioration and divergence in the indicators should the economy enter a downturn.
8 October 2020
Access to care services: Early childhood education and care, healthcare and long-term care
The right of access to good-quality care services is highlighted in the European Pillar of Social Rights. This report focuses on three care services: early childhood education and care (ECEC), healthcare, and long-term care. Access to these services has been shown to contribute to reducing inequalities throughout the life cycle and achieving equality for women and persons with disabilities. Drawing on input from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents and Eurofound’s own research, the report presents an overview of the current situation in various EU Member States, Norway and the UK, outlining barriers to the take-up of care services and differences in access issues between population groups. It pays particular attention to three areas that have the potential to improve access to services: ECEC for children with disabilities and special educational needs, e-healthcare and respite care.
20 December 2019
Casual work: Characteristics and implications
Casual work, both intermittent and on-call, contributes to labour market flexibility and is therefore increasingly used across Europe. In some countries, practices go beyond the use of casual employment contracts to include other types of contracts and forms of self-employment. While it offers some advantages for both employers and workers, it is often discussed by policymakers at EU and national levels due to the observed negative consequences it has for some workers. Impacts include economic insecurity and unpredictability of working time, which in turn affect workers’ health, well-being and social security. From a labour market perspective, casual work raises concerns about decent social inclusion of vulnerable groups, labour market segmentation and more general trends towards fragmentation of work and brain drain. Some policy responses have already been implemented to tackle these issues; further policy pointers are flagged in the report.
Eurofoundi teadlased pakuvad asjatundlikke teadmisi ja nendega saab ühendust võtta küsimuste või meediapäringute korral.
Marie Hyland
Research officerMarie Hyland liitus Eurofoundiga sotsiaalpoliitika üksuse teadurina 2023. aastal. Enne seda töötas Marie mitu aastat Maailmapangas majandusteadlasena, kus ta töötas mitmesuguste teemadega, sealhulgas soo, kliimamuutuste ja erasektori arenguga. Marie uurimistöös on vaadeldud õigusliku diskrimineerimise mõju naiste majanduslikule mõjuvõimule, vaadeldud ettevõtte suuruse ja juhtimistavade rolli tootlikkusele ja majandusarengule ning analüüsitud kliimamuutuste leevendamise poliitika majanduslikku mõju. Mariel on doktorikraad majanduses Dublini Trinity kolledžist.
See osa annab juurdepääsu kogu sisule, mis on selle teema kohta avaldatud.
