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Serviços públicos

Os serviços públicos, tais como a saúde, a educação, a assistência social e os transportes, são essenciais para a obtenção de níveis elevados de proteção social, coesão social e inclusão social. Mas é a qualidade e o acesso aos serviços que determina o seu sucesso numa conjuntura social e demográfica em mutação.

O desafio que se coloca aos decisores políticos é o de garantir a conceção e prestação de serviços sociais e de saúde capazes de responder às variadas necessidades dos cidadãos.  Esse desafio tem sido dificultado pela imposição de severas restrições financeiras nos últimos anos e pela procura crescente desses serviços, motivada, por um lado, pelo envelhecimento demográfico e, por outro lado, pelo afluxo de refugiados à Europa.  Além da acessibilidade e da qualidade, outras questões emergem neste momento.  Nestas se inclui o risco de os novos canais digitais de prestação de serviços poderem isolar comunidades que já se encontram em desvantagem e de viram a criar dificuldades na criação de padrões de acesso e qualidade dos serviços.

O Pacote de Investimento Social, lançado em 2013 pela Comissão, insta os Estados-Membros a colocar maior ênfase na prestação de serviços públicos de elevada qualidade. Além disso, a estratégia do Mercado Único Digital para a Europa, adotada pela Comissão em 2015, insiste na necessidade de modernizar os serviços públicos para reforçar a competitividade. A utilização das novas tecnologias, os serviços públicos em linha e a interoperabilidade transfronteiriça são essenciais para melhorar a relação custo/benefício e a qualidade dos serviços prestados. Em abril de 2017, a Comissão lançou um pacote de iniciativas ao abrigo do Pilar Europeu dos Direitos Sociais que consagra, nos seus princípios, o acesso a educação de boa qualidade, a serviços de educação e de acolhimento na primeira infância, a cuidados de saúde, a habitação social e a outros serviços essenciais.

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Recent updates

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In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Daniel Molinuevo about the European Child Guarantee, how bad the situation is with regard to child poverty...
Podcast
Happy dad, excited kid play in cardboard boxes in new house © Davids C/peopleimages.com/Adobe Stock

The European Child Guarantee outlines recommendations for Member States to support effective access to adequate housing for children at risk of poverty or social exclusion.

Web page

EU context

Trabalho da Eurofound

A Eurofound analisa as necessidades dos cidadãos em geral, conferindo particular atenção aos jovens, aos idosos, às pessoas com incapacidades físicas ou mentais e àquelas de origem migrante. Monitoriza e analisa as mudanças nos serviços públicos motivadas pelas restrições orçamentais, bem como as mudanças em termos de políticas e os progressos verificados em termos tecnológicos e de digitalização. Com base nos estudos de caso aprofundados sobre a matéria, a investigação da Eurofound no domínio dos serviços públicos também examina as perspetivas dos prestadores de serviços e a sua resposta à evolução das necessidades dos seus utentes.

Principais contributos

O Inquérito Europeu sobre a Qualidade de Vida (EQLS) examina o impacto da crise na sociedade europeia e a forma como os cidadãos europeus percecionam a qualidade das suas sociedades e dos seus serviços públicos. Os estudos aprofundados incidem sobre uma série de temas-chave, incluindo sobre os efeitos da crise económica e das reformas da segurança social nos níveis de vida e na qualidade da sociedade.

Em particular, através dos dados do EQLS, a investigação centrou-se nas desigualdades sociais em quatro áreas fundamentais da vida: saúde, nível de vida, atividades produtivas e valorizadas, e vida individual, familiar e social. A análise às famílias também tem incidido sobre as mudanças de qualidade de vida em toda a UE para diversos tipos de famílias com crianças, comparando os seus níveis de vida e situação social. 

Outras áreas de interesse têm sido os custos sociais e económicos e as consequências das más condições habitacionais, bem como o aumento da oferta de serviços hospitalares privados em toda a Europa. O impacto do elevado afluxo de cidadãos migrantes nos serviços públicos dos Estados-Membros da UE tem também sido objeto de debate.

As medidas de apoio à inclusão social dos jovens e a experiência da implementação da Garantia Europeia da Juventude foram também temas importantes para a Eurofound. Além disso, o acesso a serviços de educação e de acolhimento na primeira infância, bem como a qualidade de tais serviços, têm vindo a ganhar proeminência no debate político europeu e têm ganho lugar de destaque nos estudos levados a cabo pela Eurofound.

Através dos dados coligidos no quarto EQLS realizado em 2016, a Eurofound analisará em que medida os serviços públicos estão a suprir as necessidades dos grupos sociais, ajudando assim os decisores políticos a providenciar serviços sociais adequados. A Eurofound debruçar-se-á sobre o impacto da digitalização em termos sociais e geográficos, analisando de que forma a conceção e a prestação dos serviços sociais e de saúde podem ser suportados pelas novas tecnologias.

Social inclusion: Protecting young people and children

Measures to support the social inclusion of young people and experience of the implementation of the reinforced Youth Guarantee have been important topics for Eurofound. In addition, access to early childhood education and care services and the quality of such services have been gaining greater prominence in the EU policy debate around the European Child Guarantee and have also been the focus of Eurofound research.

Focus on various public services

Other areas of interest for Eurofound include housing unaffordability and inadequacy, as well as household over-indebtedness and debt advisory services. Research has also explored access to energy, public transport and digital communications for people on low incomes. 

Future research will focus on mental health services and services facilitating independent living. Furthermore, the impact of the inflow of mobile citizens on the public services of EU Member States will be an important consideration.

Key outputs

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The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in...

21 Setembro 2023
Publication
Policy brief
Front cover for Eurofound's publication entitled 'Social services in Europe: Adapting to a new reality'

O presente relatório aborda o impacto da crise da COVID-19 nos serviços sociais na UE. Embora a pandemia tenha afetado negativamente os serviços sociais, proporcionou, não obstante, ensinamentos sobre a...

16 Agosto 2023
Publication
Research report

Current and ongoing research

 

Other ongoing work

    • Examining services for labour market integration of people with disabilities based on data from the EQLS 2016 to support policymaking in designing relevant and efficient services
    • Mapping developments in advisory for household debt in EU countries as well as identifying barriers to access these services to combat poverty and assessing take-up
    • Analysing differences and inequalities in access to social services of general interest in the EU and assessing the nature and extent of convergence/divergence

     

    Eurofound expert(s)

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    Hans Dubois is a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit at Eurofound. His research topics include housing, over-indebtedness, healthcare, long-term care, social...

    Senior research manager,
    Social policies research unit
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    Daniel Molinuevo is a research manager in the Social Policies unit, having joined Eurofound in 2010. His research on health and social care has focused on the quality and...

    Research manager,
    Social policies research unit
    Publications results (103)

    The urban-rural divide in EU countries has grown in recent years, and the depopulation of certain rural areas in favour of cities is a challenge when it comes to promoting economic development and maintaining social cohesion and convergence.

    18 October 2023

    The European Child Guarantee was established in 2021 to ensure that children in need have access to a set of key services. This policy brief analyses trends and disparities in children’s access to early childhood education and care, education, healthcare, nutrition and housing.

    21 September 2023

    O presente relatório aborda o impacto da crise da COVID-19 nos serviços sociais na UE. Embora a pandemia tenha afetado negativamente os serviços sociais, proporcionou, não obstante, ensinamentos sobre a forma de os adaptar em resposta aos novos desafios e riscos sociais. Uma lição, por exemplo, é

    16 August 2023

    In collecting information on essential services, the European Commission requested Eurofound to provide input on certain aspects of existing and planned measures in the Member States to improve access to essential services in reference to Principle 20 of the European Pillar of Social Rights. For

    07 September 2022

    A new European Disability Strategy was launched in 2021 with the aim of intensifying progress on ensuring the full participation of people with disabilities in society. The increase of EU policy focus on people with disabilities is timely: the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the challenges they faced in

    21 March 2022

    Este relatório analisa o impacto da crise da COVID-19 na qualidade de vida dos cidadãos mais velhos, incluindo o impacto no seu bem-estar, finanças, emprego e inclusão social. Explora os efeitos na utilização dos serviços de assistência e na dependência dos idosos em outros apoios. O relatório

    28 January 2022

    The impact of COVID-19 has moved public health up the EU social policy agenda. As the EU directs its efforts towards establishing a European Health Union to guard against future health crises, this policy brief examines the extent to which the EU achieved upward convergence in terms of health and

    30 September 2021

    O presente relatório examina as evoluções políticas nos Estados-Membros da UE destinadas a apoiar a inclusão das pessoas com deficiência no mercado de trabalho aberto, com uma tónica particular nas três fases de entrada no mercado de trabalho, manutenção no trabalho e regresso ao trabalho após uma

    19 April 2021

    The COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the accessibility of health, education and care services for all Europeans. This is also the case for children, who in several countries have seen their schools closed and replaced with remote learning. They have been affected, too, by the pandemic

    28 January 2021

    The long-term care (LTC) sector employs a growing share of workers in the EU and is experiencing increasing staff shortages. The LTC workforce is mainly female and a relatively large and increasing proportion is aged 50 years or older. Migrants are often concentrated in certain LTC jobs. This report

    14 December 2020

    Online resources results (54)

    Budget priority should be social welfare and not tax cuts, says ESRI

    The issue of "fairness" in recent Budgets has become the subject of much debate amongst the social partners and various commentators. Tax reductions in these Budgets have tended to favour middle- and high-income earners, much to the annoyance of trade unions, particularly those representing low

    National Wage Board rules on pay disputes in state and municipal sectors

    The 1998 spring pay settlement in the public sector (NO9806170F [1]) led to a series of strikes among public sector employees (NO9806173F [2]). Several of these strikes were referred to compulsory arbitration - ie the industrial action ceased and it was left to the National Wage Board

    Pensioners' trade unions negotiate social policies with municipalities

    During the 1990s, trade unions representing Italian pensioners have been trying to extend protection for older people by conducting local-level negotiations with the municipalities. The main issues discussed are income-support measures and welfare services.

    New collective agreements signed in public services

    In recent years, German public services have seen a sharp decline in employment. Caused by a persistently high public budget deficit and exacerbated by the introduction of "new public management" or "lean state" concepts, the number of public service jobs was reduced by about half a million between

    The trade unionist of the 1990s?

    The face of UK trade unionism is changing, according to evidence published by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in Trade unionists today [1] (August 1997), based on analysis of the autumn 1996 Labour Force Survey. In the past, according to the TUC, the typical UK trade unionist was once generally

    Welfare reform results from negotiations between government and trade unions

    The finance law for 1998 approved by the Italian Government in November 1997 contains a number of proposals for welfare reform in the areas of social security and pensions. As regards pensions, the Government has signed an agreement with the Cgil, Cisl and Uil trade union confederations which makes

    Substantial wage increases and a new bargaining situation for the medical profession

    As a result of the 1996 wage settlement, medical physicians employed at Norwegian hospitals gained substantial wage increases. These increases can in part be explained by an increase in basic wages, and in part by prolonging weekly working hours through permitting more overtime and at the same time

    Hospital administration and working conditions reform proposed

    A public debate has begun in Portugal about the privatisation of public hospitals. Medical, paramedical and nursing unions have reacted largely negatively to proposed changes in the regulation of industrial relations, employment contracts and working conditions, and strikes were due in August

    Continuity and change in pay and working time

    One of the most significant transformations of British industrial relations in recent years has been the shift from national to enterprise-level bargaining. Multi-employer bargaining arrangements have tended to be replaced with multi-establishment, single employer bargaining, although there are also

    Strikes in the hospital sector

    The law on social welfare, adopted in November 1995, included provisions on a range of matters, such as: the submission of the social security budget to parliamentary vote; the setting up of a new tax known as "social security deficit clearance" (Remboursement de la dette sociale); the abolition of


    Blogs results (7)

    Child poverty and exclusion in the EU is on the rise. To address this worrying trend, EU policy needs to focus on access to services, which requires improving data collection, targeting inequalities and involving the workforce that delivers services in policymaking.

    24 Outubro 2023
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    The European Pillar of Social Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home-care and community-based services’. Taking a step to make this principle a reality, the European Commission is currently preparing a European Care

    5 Maio 2022
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    Healthcare providers have been overwhelmed by the demand for COVID-19-related care. Medical appointments and treatments for other conditions have often been delayed, potentially leading to escalating health problems and greater future care needs among those who have missed out. If the pandemic leads

    18 Janeiro 2021
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    An ageing Europe and rising public expenditure on long-term care have signalled for some time that the fundamentals of care provision need to be addressed. However, the shocking death toll in care homes during the COVID-19 pandemic and the fact that many long-term care services were ill-equipped to

    2 Dezembro 2020
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    Depopulation of rural areas and the concentration of employment and education opportunities in urban centres is a fact of modern life. What impact does this have on the quality of life of rural residents? Do they feel increasingly isolated, and what are the emerging trends? New research by Eurofound

    8 Maio 2019
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    Austerity measures introduced during the crisis have disproportionately concerned cuts in the measures that are most vital for reducing child poverty: cash and tax benefits, a new Eurofound report shows. Furthermore, there has been a move away from universal coverage towards more targeted support

    3 Fevereiro 2016
    Upcoming publications results (1)

    Social protection can include a range of entitlements to monetary and in-kind benefits. Eurofound’s project focuses on unemployment and minimum income benefits. Social protection can provide a safety net for people who are negatively impacted by the green and digital transitions. During the COVID-19

    September 2024
    Data results (2)
    7 Novembro 2023
    Reference period:
    24 Outubro 2023
    Reference period:

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