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Arbejdstid
Arbejdstid refererer til enhver periode, hvor en arbejdstager arbejder til arbejdsgiverens rådighed og udfører sine aktiviteter eller pligter i overensstemmelse med nationale love og/eller praksis. Arbejdstiderne varierer for arbejdstagere i forskellige erhverv eller på forskellige livsstadier, og disse forskelle er særligt markante, når køn tages i betragtning.
Find det nyeste indhold om dette emne nedenfor.
Arbejdsmarkedsforhold: Diskussion om og udviklinger i arbejdstidsordninger i 2025
Ændringer i arbejdstidsordninger i hele EU i 2025 afspejler mangfoldigheden i nationale arbejdsmarkedssystemer og de niveauer, hvor social dialog finder sted. Denne artikel analyserer diskursen og udviklingen i 2025 vedrørende overarbejde, tidsregistrering, ferie og reduktion af arbejdstid.Overgangen til hybridarbejde: Ledelsesudfordringer - Digital historie
Denne digitale historie præsenterer hovedresultater om, hvordan hybridt arbejde omformer ledelsespraksis på linjelederniveau: Hvorfor hybridt arbejde kræver nye former for koordinering; Hvordan ledere opretholder synlighed og tilsyn med præstationer uden fysisk sam-tilstedeværelse; Hvad der opretholder teamets sammenhængskraft og trivsel på tværs af spredte teams; Hvordan lige adgang til information og muligheder kan sikres; Hvor politisk vejledning eller støtte er mest nødvendig.Overgangen til hybridt arbejde: Ledelsesudfordringer
COVID-19-pandemien fremskyndede overgangen til hybridarbejde, hvor medarbejderne deler deres tid mellem fjernarbejde og on-site. Selvom denne model tilbyder større fleksibilitet, medfører den også nye udfordringer for linjeledere og andre ledere. Denne rapport undersøger, hvordan hybridarbejde omformer arbejdsorganisationen og påvirker daglige ledelsespraksisser på linjelederniveau med fokus på ændringer i koordinering, kommunikation, performance management og medarbejdertrivsel.I mange år har Eurofound indsamlet information om forskellige aspekter af arbejdstid og deres betydning for arbejdsvilkår og livskvalitet for mænd og kvinder i EU. Eurofounds studier om arbejdstid har til formål at forbedre forståelsen af, hvor længe arbejdstagere arbejder, og hvordan deres tid er organiseret, samt virkningerne af arbejdstidsmønstre for beskæftigelse, produktivitet, trivsel og balancen mellem arbejde og privatliv. Data om kollektivt aftalt arbejdstid og de sociale parters rolle er blevet offentliggjort regelmæssigt og er også analyseret ud fra et langsigtet perspektiv. Forskning i mænds arbejdstid versus kvinders viser, at mænd er langt mere tilbøjelige til at arbejde længere timer, og kvinder er mere tilbøjelige til at bruge mere tid på ulønnet husligt arbejde. Selvom de fleste, uanset køn, synes tilfredse med deres nuværende arbejdstid, siger flertallet af dem, der foretrækker at ændre deres arbejdstid, at de gerne vil reducere deres arbejdstid.
Arbejdstid er et nøgleelement i arbejdslivet, og regulering af dette har været kernen i politiske, økonomiske og sociale debatter på både EU- og nationalt niveau. For at beskytte arbejdstagernes sundhed og sikkerhed kræver EU's arbejdstidsdirektiv, at alle medlemsstater garanterer minimumsstandarder for varighed og organisering af arbejdstid for alle arbejdstagere i hele EU. Dette omfatter standarder for maksimale ugentlige arbejdstimer (fastsat til 48 timer), minimumshvileperioder og pauser, ferie, nattearbejde og skifteholdsarbejde.
Europa-Kommissionen: Arbejdstidsdirektivet (2003/88/EF)opens in new tab
Europa-Kommissionen: Arbejdstidsdirektivet: Fortolkende kommunikation om direktiv 2003/88/EF (rettelse: 2023/C 143/06) opens in new tab
De mest relevante ændringer i arbejdstidsreguleringen i EU i 2021 og 2022 var forbundet med implementeringen af to europæiske direktiver:
Dette er et udvalg af de vigtigste resultater for dette emne.
24 October 2023
Working time in 2021–2022
The most important changes in the regulation of working time in Europe in 2021 and 2022 were related to the transposition of two European directives: the Work–life Balance Directive and the Transparent and Predictable Working Conditions Directive. The reduction of working time and more specifically the four-day working week have been increasingly debated in many EU Member States. In 2022, the average collectively agreed working week in the EU stood at 38.1 hours. Of the sectors analysed, agreed working hours were shortest in public administration, at around 37.7 hours – still longer than the overall average – and longest in the retail sector, at 38.5 hours. The average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 24.3 days in the EU, and was higher in the Member States that were part of the EU prior to its 2004 enlargement (EU14), at 25.3 days, than in the other Member States, at only 20.9 days. If working collectively agreed hours, full-time workers in the EU27 would have worked, on average, 1,726 hours in 2022, with an average of 1,698 hours in the EU14 and 1,822 hours in the other Member States.
8 December 2022
The rise in telework: Impact on working conditions and regulations
This report presents Eurofound’s research on telework during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. It explores changes in the incidence of telework, working conditions experienced by employees working from home and changes to regulations addressing issues related to this working arrangement. The findings reveal a rapid escalation of telework triggered by the pandemic: in 2021, 2 out of 10 European employees were teleworking – a figure that most likely would not have been reached before 2027 had the pandemic not occurred. The health crisis unleashed the social and technological potential for flexibility in terms of working time and place. The impacts of telework on working conditions were initially difficult to determine because it was difficult to disentangle them from pandemic-induced factors, such as lockdowns and school closures. However, both the positive impacts, such as the contribution of telework to improving work–life balance, and the negative impacts, such as reduced social interaction and an increase in overtime worked, have become more evident. The rise in telework and an awareness of its implications for working conditions have prompted a renewed focus on regulatory frameworks, with new telework regulations passed in several EU Member States.
29 November 2022
Working conditions in the time of COVID-19: Implications for the future
The strict public health restrictions implemented by governments in 2020 to control the COVID-19 pandemic abruptly changed working life and continued to shape it over the two years that followed. Between March and November 2021, over 70,000 interviews were carried out in 36 countries by the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS), a high-quality probability-based survey. The aim was to provide a detailed picture of the working lives of Europeans in that exceptional time.
The report documents the working conditions of Europeans in 2021. It examines variation in job quality and identifies its positive association with well-being, health, work engagement and the financial sustainability of work. It highlights the divergences in the experiences of workers depending on workers’ own attributes and their place in the workforce. From this analysis, the report aims to derive lessons for the future, particularly in relation to the enduring marks on how we work and the implications for work organisation, the quality of work, and the interaction between work and private life.
1 September 2022
Telework in the EU: Regulatory frameworks and recent updates
This report sets out to map and analyse legislation and collective bargaining on telework in the 27 Member States and Norway. It highlights the main cross-country differences and similarities regarding telework legislation and recent changes to these regulations. It also examines the current situation regarding collective bargaining on telework. The analysis highlights many of the drawbacks and challenges of telework, focusing on provisions relating to access to telework, flexible working time, continuous availability/connectivity, isolation, occupational and health risk prevention and the costs incurred by the employee while working remotely. With COVID-19 having been an accelerator for regulating telework both in legislation and through collective bargaining, the report sheds light on how the future of telework could be regulated at national and EU level to improve working conditions and the well-being of workers.
11 March 2021
COVID-19: Implications for employment and working life
Disclaimer - Please note that this report was updated with revised data (specifically for Bulgaria) on 23 March 2021.
This report sets out to assess the initial impact of the COVID-19 crisis on employment in Europe (up to Q2 2020), including its effects across sectors and on different categories of workers. It also looks at measures implemented by policymakers in a bid to limit the negative effects of the crisis. It first provides an overview of policy approaches adopted to mitigate the impact of the crisis on businesses, workers and citizens. The main focus is on the development, content and impact of short-time working schemes, income support measures for self-employed people, hardship funds and rent and mortgage deferrals. Finally, it explores the involvement of social partners in the development and implementation of such measures and the role of European funding in supporting these schemes.
26 February 2021
Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework
This flagship report summarises the key findings of Eurofound’s research on working conditions conducted over the programming period 2017–2020. It maps the progress achieved since 2000 in improving working conditions and examines whether all workers have benefited equally from positive change. It highlights which groups are the most at risk of experiencing poor working conditions and being left behind. Given the changes in the world of work, emerging challenges for good job quality are identified. The report also provides evidence for measures that could lead to the further improvement of work and the achievement of fair working conditions for all in the EU. The analysis shows that, overall, job quality in the EU is improving, if slowly. Not all workers are benefiting to the same extent, however. Furthermore, gender, age and contractual status have a significant bearing on a person’s working conditions. And while digitalisation helps to address some job quality issues, it also creates new challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated trends, reinforcing concerns and highlighting the importance of achieving job quality for all.
Eurofounds forskere leverer ekspertindsigt og kan kontaktes med spørgsmål eller mediehenvendelser.
Jorge Cabrita
Senior research managerJorge Cabrita er senior forskningsleder i Working Life-enheden, hvor han designer, koordinerer og leder forskning på tværs af Europa og formidler dens resultater. Hans hovedområder omfatter arbejdsvilkår og jobkvalitet, arbejdstid og balance mellem arbejde og privatliv, arbejdstagernes sundhed og trivsel, ligestilling mellem kønnene og de socioøkonomiske konsekvenser af den grønne omstilling. Han leder i øjeblikket forskning i udviklingen af arbejdstiden og jobkvalitet i klimaudsatte områder og medleder implementeringen af European Working Conditions Survey 2030. Tidligere var han forsker ved Centre for Studies for Social Intervention og Research Centre on the Portuguese Economy og arbejdede som underviser og konsulent. Han har en BSc i økonomi og en MSc i Socio-Organizational Systems of Economic Activity fra Lisbon School of Economics.
Oscar Vargas Llave
Senior research managerOscar Vargas Llave is a senior research manager in the Working Life unit at Eurofound and manages projects on changes in the world of work and the impact on working conditions and related policies: organisation of working time, remote work, the right to disconnect, health and well-being and ageing. Before joining Eurofound in December 2009, he worked as project coordinator in the field of health and safety and was responsible for the Professional Card Scheme for the Construction Sector in Spain at the non-profit Fundación Laboral de la Construcción in Madrid. He has a background in industrial sociology (Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca), and also holds a Diploma in Social Science Research Methods from the University of Cardiff and a Master’s degree in Health and Safety from the Autonomous University of Madrid.
Sara Grubanov-Boskovic
Research officerSara Grubanov-Boskovic er forskningsmedarbejder i Working Life-enheden hos Eurofound og bidrager til projekter om hjemmearbejde, arbejdstid, levevilkår og EU's udvidelse. Før hun kom til Eurofound, arbejdede hun som policymedarbejder ved OECD Istanbul Centre inden for Global Relations Directorate og som videnskabelig projektmedarbejder ved Europa-Kommissionens Knowledge Centre on Migration and Demography. Som postdoc ved Universitetet i Torino fokuserede hendes forskning på kompetencemismatch, mens hun som gæsteforsker ved Det Hebraiske Universitet i Jerusalem arbejdede med demografisk overgang og befolkningsaldring. Sara har en ph.d. i befolknings- og økonomisk udvikling fra University of Bari.
Carla Blanco Ameneiros
Temporary research support officerCarla Blanco Ameneiros er midlertidig forskningsstøttemedarbejder i Eurofounds Working Life-enhed og bidrager til forskning i arbejdsmarkedsrelationer og social dialog, især repræsentativiteten af europæiske sociale partnerorganisationer. Før denne rolle fokuserede hendes forskning på reduktion af arbejdstiden og dens konsekvenser for arbejdsvilkår og produktivitet samt fleksible arbejdsordninger og platformbaseret plejearbejde. Før hun kom til Eurofound, var hun forskningsassistent ved Pablo de Olavide University, hvor hun studerede langtidsplejearbejdere og holdninger til velfærdssystemet. Hun har en kandidatgrad i europæiske tværfaglige studier med speciale i EU's offentlige anliggender og politik fra College of Europe samt en fælles grad i sociologi og statskundskab fra Pablo de Olavide University.
Dette afsnit giver adgang til alt det indhold, der er blevet offentliggjort om emnet.
