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Just transition
Just transition is the term used to describe the transition to a climate-neutral economy while securing the future and livelihoods of workers and their communities. A just transition to a climate-neutral economy provides and guarantees better and decent jobs, social protection, more training opportunities and greater job security for all workers affected by global warming and climate change policies.
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Oltre 1,5°C: Mettere le persone al centro delle politiche
Le temperature globali dovrebbero superare la soglia di 1,5°C entro i prossimi anni, ma il riscaldamento può ancora essere limitato e invertito. Per realizzare ciò, i responsabili politici devono concentrarsi su una progettazione di politiche più centrata sull'uomo.Mappatura delle politiche pubbliche comportamentali verdi nell'UE
Questo documento mappa fino a che punto gli Stati membri abbiano sviluppato la capacità di sviluppare e implementare tali politiche comportamentalmente informate. Rileva notevoli disparità all'interno dell'UE, con un modello preoccupante: i paesi sottoposti alla maggiore pressione di transizione sono spesso i meno attrezzati per progettare politiche centrate sull'uomo che la rallenterebbero.Social implications of the just transition: Citizen support, behavioural adaptation, and policy impact in Europe
This research report examines Europeans’ experiences of the green transition at a time when competitiveness has become a central EU policy priority. Using quantitative analysis of EU-wide data, it identifies who supports green policies, who is changing behaviour, and who risks being left behind. Combining this with a comparative policy analysis across all 27 Member States, including reflections on the use of behavioural insights in green public policy, the report highlights critical gaps and provides evidence-based guidance for aligning competitiveness with an effective and equitable green transition.Eurofound's research is shaped by the key challenges for social cohesion and a just transition in a changing environment. It covers the areas of working conditions, industrial relations, employment and living conditions, providing evidence that can assist policy action.
Main topics linked with the move towards a just transition include working conditions and sustainable work, employment and labour markets, digitalisation, the future of manufacturing, people’s living conditions and well-being, restructuring, skills and training and youth, among others. Research findings could potentially feed into the work of the Just Transition Platform, which assists EU Member States and regions to unlock the support available through the Just Transition Mechanism.
Eurofound also collaborates with the European Environment Agency (EEA) on research around the transition to a climate-neutral economy, in particular environmental and socioeconomic convergence.
A just transition at European level focuses on two core issues for transition, moving towards a green and digital Europe where no one will be left behind.
As a committed party to the Paris Climate Agreement, the EU submitted its long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in March 2020. It sets out the extent of the transition across sectors and regions and lays the ground for designing a just transition.
European Commission: 2050 long-term strategyopens in new tab
Green and digital transition
At the heart of the EU’s long-term strategy is the European Green Deal, which is one of six European Commission priorities for 2019–2024 and the compass to guide Member States towards a green transition that is fair for all citizens. It will contribute to the financing of the transition that Europe faces through its Just Transition Mechanism. In the political guidelines for the next European Commission 2024–2029, Ursula von der Leyen reiterated the importance of staying the course with the European Green Deal goals and committed to a significant increase in funding for a just transition across the next long-term budget. This will go hand in hand with the development of a Quality Jobs Roadmap.
European Commision: Political Guidelines 2024–2029opens in new tab
Responding to the way digital technology is changing our lives, another Commission priority is to create a Europe fit for the digital age, leading the transition to a healthy planet and a new digital world through its European Digital Strategy.
Strong social Europe for just transitions
In January 2020, the European Commission presented its Communication ‘A strong social Europe for just transitions’. This vision to reinforce social Europe prepared the way for an Action Plan to implement the European Pillar of Social Rights, which is the European social strategy to make sure that the ‘transitions of climate neutrality, digitalisation and demographic change are socially fair and just’.
Eurofound’s work related to the just transition links in with several of the Commission’s 2019–2024 priorities, and is highly relevant here.
European Commission: A European Green Dealopens in new tab
European Commission: An economy that works for peopleopens in new tab
European Commission: A Europe fit for the digital ageopens in new tab
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Watch the webinar - Eurofound LIVE: Is Europe's green transition in jeopardy?
2 August 2023
Green, clean and keen to converge? A convergence analysis of environmental quality of life in the EU
This report explores the dynamics of the environmental performance of the EU Member States and the extent to which the disparities in their performance have narrowed since the early 2000s. The report is a product of cooperation between Eurofound and the European Environment Agency, with the technical expertise in convergence of the former meeting the expertise in European environmental issues of the latter. It focuses on three levels of analysis: headline indicators, residential-level indicators and household-level indicators. In order to explore the multifaceted issue of environmental quality of life in the EU, the report investigates environmental indicators through a convergence analysis. The results suggest that the EU is on the right track to becoming carbon neutral, although the speed of the greening process varies among the Member States. A fast and steady improvement in performance can be seen for most of the indicators. One noteworthy finding is that the economic downturns of the past two decades negatively affected the household-level indicators examined, which focused on energy poverty.
19 July 2023
Supporting regions in the just transition: Role of social partners
This report investigates the involvement of social partners in the just transition to a climate-neutral economy, with a particular focus on the territorial just transition plans. These plans aim to support the regions most negatively affected by the just transition by assisting workers to retrain, relocate and find other jobs, and also support industries that need to phase out fossil fuels or other greenhouse gas-intensive activities. The role and input of the social partners in these plans and their views on the just transition are explored. An analysis of social dialogue practices and examples of collective agreements shows the range of topics covered by the social partners. The report also investigates the role of the energy crisis in the just transition and how it has contributed to delays in the implementation of territorial just transition plans in certain Member States.
I ricercatori di Eurofound forniscono approfondimenti esperti e possono essere contattati per domande o richieste dei media.
Marianna Baggio
Research officerMarianna Baggio è ricercatrice presso l'unità Politiche sociali di Eurofound, dove lavora su aspetti dell'indagine europea sulla qualità della vita (EQLS), nonché sui temi della trasparenza retributiva di genere e dell'assistenza informale. Prima di entrare a far parte di Eurofound, ha lavorato come analista delle politiche presso il Centro di competenza per gli approfondimenti comportamentali del Centro comune di ricerca della Commissione europea. Ha lavorato come assegnista di ricerca presso l'Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (Milano) e l'Università degli Studi di Trento. Porta inoltre con sé una vasta esperienza derivante da un precedente ruolo di responsabile della responsabilità sociale d'impresa (CSR) in Sudafrica. Marianna ha conseguito un dottorato di ricerca in Economia e Management presso l'Università degli Studi di Trento, con specializzazione in economia comportamentale.
Massimiliano Mascherini
Head of UnitMassimiliano Mascherini è responsabile dell'unità Politiche Sociali di Eurofound da ottobre 2019. È entrato in Eurofound nel 2009 come responsabile della ricerca, progettando e coordinando progetti su occupazione giovanile, NEET e uguaglianza di genere. Nel 2017 è diventato senior research manager e ha guidato nuove ricerche sul monitoraggio della convergenza nell'UE. Inoltre, ha guidato la concettualizzazione dell'Indagine Europea sulla Qualità della Vita 2026. Nel 2025 ha ricevuto il premio Brendan Walsh per il miglior articolo pubblicato su Economic and Social Review. In precedenza è stato responsabile scientifico presso il Centro Congiunto di Ricerca della Commissione Europea. Ha studiato all'Università di Firenze, dove si è specializzato in scienze attuariali e statistiche e ha conseguito un dottorato in Statistica Applicata. Nel 2014 ha ottenuto la qualifica scientifica di Professore Associato di Statistica Sociale e Demografia presso il Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca italiano. È stato visiting fellow all'Università di Sydney e all'Università di Aalborg e professore ospite presso la Pontificia Accademia di Scienze Sociali.
Tina Weber
Senior research managerTina Weber is a senior research manager in Eurofound’s Working Life unit. Her work has focused on labour shortages, the impact of hybrid work and an ‘always on’ culture and the right to disconnect, working conditions and social protection measures for self-employed workers and the impact of the twin transitions on employment, working conditions and industrial relations. She is responsible for studies assessing the representativeness of European social partner organisations. She has also carried out research on European Works Councils and the evolution of industrial relations and social dialogue in the European Union. Prior to joining Eurofound in 2019, she worked for a private research institute primarily carrying out impact assessments and evaluations of EU labour law and labour market policies. Tina holds a PhD in Political Sciences from the University of Edinburgh which focussed on the role of national trade unions and employers’ organisations in the European social dialogue.
Stavroula Demetriades
Senior research managerStavroula Demetriades è senior research manager presso l'unità Occupazione di Eurofound. È responsabile della ricerca nei settori della transizione verde e giusta, del dialogo sociale, delle pratiche di gestione, dell'innovazione e del lavoro ibrido. Ha conseguito un dottorato di ricerca in Sociologia presso l'Università di Aalborg, in Danimarca. Ha inoltre conseguito un Master in Politiche Economiche presso il Trinity College di Dublino e un Master in Sviluppo Regionale presso l'Università di Atene. Prima di entrare a far parte di Eurofound nel 1999, ha lavorato in istituti di ricerca, in diverse posizioni nel settore pubblico e privato, e ha condotto studi organizzativi e socioeconomici. I suoi principali interessi di ricerca includono la transizione verde e giusta, la gestione delle risorse umane, i sistemi del lavoro, l'innovazione, l'occupazione e il dialogo sociale. È anche professore a contratto presso la Business School dell'University College di Dublino.
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