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Les conditions de travail et le travail durable

Les conditions de travail et le travail durable constituent l’une des six principales activités du programme de travail d’Eurofound pour la période 2021-2024. Eurofound continuera à fonctionner comme un centre d’expertise pour la surveillance et l’analyse des évolutions dans ce domaine, y compris la manière dont la crise de la COVID-19 a eu un impact sur les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’emploi, ainsi que sur les pratiques sur le lieu de travail.

Au cours de la période 2021-2024, Eurofound fournira des informations importantes sur les défis et les perspectives liés aux conditions de travail et au travail durable dans l’UE. S’appuyant sur une expertise de longue date dans ce domaine, Eurofound examinera les tendances et les progrès réalisés au fil du temps et identifiera les nouvelles préoccupations concernant les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’emploi. L’analyse portera sur différents pays, secteurs, professions et groupes de travailleurs concernant des problématiques telles que l’organisation du travailet le télétravail, le temps de travail, l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, l’égalité de traitement, la santé et le bien-être sur le lieu de travail , les compétences et la formation, la rémunération et les perspectives, et la satisfaction professionnelle. Les formes d’emploi atypiquesferont l’objet d’une attention particulière, en particulier le travail indépendant.

Compte tenu du défi démographique que représente pour l’UE le vieillissement de la populationet la diversité croissante de la vie professionnelle, Eurofound continuera à explorer les facteurs permettant à un plus grand nombre de travailleurs de rester plus longtemps en activité. Eurofound mettra également l’accent sur l’amélioration de la qualité de l’emploi en tant que facteur propice à une participation accrue au marché du travail et à l’accroissement de la motivation des salariés, cette amélioration contribuant ainsi à un travail durabletout au long de la vie.

Les liens entre travail et santé seront examinés en étroite collaboration avec l’Agence européenne pour la sécurité et la santé au travail (EU-OSHA). Eurofound entend poursuivre sa collaboration avec l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) au sujet des questions relatives à l’avenir du travail et aux conditions de travail au niveau mondial.

«C’est globalement une bonne nouvelle, car les conditions de travail dans l’Union européenne s’améliorent - même si cela se fait très lentement - mais, constat préoccupant, ce n’est pas nécessairement le cas pour tous les groupes de travailleurs. Cela dépend beaucoup du secteur dans lequel vous travaillez, cela dépend de votre niveau d’éducation, et franchement, cela dépend aussi du fait que vous soyez un homme ou une femme.»

— Barbara Gerstenberger, cheffe de l’unité «Vie professionnelle»

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Messages politiques clés

Infographie 2021

Les principaux résultats des recherches d’Eurofound servent de base de travail aux décideurs politiques pour aborder certaines des questions clés dans ce domaine.

  • L’amélioration des conditions de travail est essentielle pour les travailleurs et les employeurs. De nombreux aspects différents de la qualité de l’emploi doivent être pris en compte. Des emplois de qualité permettent aux personnes d’avoir une vie professionnelle plus longue et de meilleure qualité, et contribuent ainsi à un travail durable et à un équilibre positif entre vie professionnelle et vie privée.
  • Globalement, les conditions de travail dans l’UE s’améliorent, même si les progrès sont graduels. Les progrès n’ont toutefois pas été aussi rapides pour certains groupes de travailleurs: cela dépend du type de contrat de travail, du secteur et du niveau d’éducation.
  • Il existe de nombreux moyens d’améliorer les conditions de travail et la qualité de l’emploi dans l’UE. Les gouvernements ont certainement un rôle important à jouer dans l’établissement d’un cadre, par l’adoption de réglementations. Mais les travailleurs, les employeurs et leurs organisations sont également des acteurs importants. Pour de nombreuses dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi, le lieu de travail est l’endroit où les changements se produisent.
  • Un cinquième seulement des entreprises européennes ont trouvé le secret pour atteindre un bien-être parfait et un rendement optimal sur le lieu de travail. Il a été démontré que les lieux de travail «à haut niveau d’investissement et d’engagement» offrent les meilleurs résultats pour les travailleurs et les employeurs, en stimulant les performances et en améliorant la qualité de l’emploi grâce à l’accroissement de l’autonomie des personnels, à la facilitation de l’implication des employés et à la promotion de la formation et de l’apprentissage.
  • De nombreuses personnes, en particulier les parents et autres aidants, ont du mal à concilier leurs obligations professionnelles et non professionnelles. Si une organisation plus flexible du travail peut contribuer à résoudre ces difficultés, elle entraîne également des défis. Le télétravail, par exemple, offre une plus grande liberté de choisir où et à quel moment travailler, mais il peut aussi entraîner des horaires de travail plus longs, une intensité plus élevée et plus de difficultés à se déconnecter du travail.
  • L’augmentation du télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 a mis en évidence un brouillage des frontières entre le travail et la vie privée. De nombreux gouvernements et partenaires sociaux étudient des initiatives de «droit à la déconnexion» afin d’éviter que de larges segments de travailleurs ne soient exposés à un risque d’épuisement physique et émotionnel.
  • À l’avenir, les partenaires sociaux devraient viser à inclure dans tout cadre juridique ou toute convention des dispositions concernant les travailleurs sur le caractère volontaire du télétravail ou l’adéquation de tâches spécifiques pour le télétravail. Il sera également essentiel de clarifier la manière dont les employeurs peuvent contribuer aux dépenses liées au travail à domicile, ainsi que de garantir l’égalité de salaire et l’accès à la formation pour les personnes travaillant à distance.

2021–2024 work plan

During 2021–2024, Eurofound will provide important insights into the challenges and prospects related to working conditions and sustainable work in the EU. Building on long-established expertise in this area, Eurofound will look at trends and progress over time and identify emerging concerns around working conditions and job quality. The analysis will cover different countries, sectors, occupations and groups of workers on issues such as work organisation and teleworkingworking timework–life balanceequal treatmentworkplace health and well-beingskills and trainingearnings and prospects, and job satisfaction. Non-standard forms of employment will be a specific focus, particularly self-employment.

In light of the EU’s demographic challenge of an ageing population and the increasing diversity of working life, Eurofound will continue to explore the factors enabling more workers to stay in employment longer. It will also put the spotlight on improving job quality as an enabler of greater labour market participation and increased employee motivation, contributing to sustainable work over the life course.

The links between work and health will be investigated in close consultation with the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA). Eurofound aims to build on its collaboration with the International Labour Organization (ILO) on issues around the future of work and working conditions at global level.

Addressing stakeholder priorities

Eurofound’s research aims to assist policy action to improve working conditions and job quality, while progressing towards sustainable work, helping to address the challenges facing the EU and national levels in the areas of work and employment. It focuses on identifying pressing issues and specific groups at risk and analysing selected elements.

The Agency’s work plan is aligned with the European Commission’s political guidelines over the next four years, directly feeding into a number of key policy areas aimed at creating a robust social Europe. In particular, Eurofound’s research will support policy initiatives under the European Pillar of Social Rights in the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis and activities linked to, among other initiatives, the European Gender Equality Strategy 2020–2025, the reinforced Youth Guarantee, the Youth Employment Support package, the skills agenda, as well as innovation and job creation and the European Commission’s proposal for adequate minimum wages in the EU.

Eurofound research

Eurofound continues to monitor developments in working conditions, with a particular focus on improvements in the job quality of older workers, the challenges associated with specific types of self-employment and the longer-term structural impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

In 2024, fieldwork commences for the newest edition of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), which includes questions on working conditions and work–life outcomes relevant to the aftermath of COVID-19. The first results are planned for the end of 2024. 

Final analysis of data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 (EWCTS) feeds into three studies in 2024: an analysis of working conditions and work practices in the hybrid workplace; an investigation of changing working time patterns; and an examination of the job quality of older workers.

Research commences on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, examining levels of digitalisation, digital skills, innovation and training strategies. This research assesses how workers in SMEs compare to the average in terms of working conditions, job quality, digital skills and take-up of training. 

Research in 2024 also aims to identify the most vulnerable group of workers by examining employment relationships that combine several unfavourable characteristics. The research investigates the job quality of workers in these employment relationships, their access to social protection and training, as well as ways to support the transition to more secure forms of employment. 
 

Key outputs

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Eurofound expert(s)

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Barbara Gerstenberger is Head of the Working Life unit at Eurofound. In this role, she coordinates the research teams investigating job quality in Europe based on the European...

​Head of Unit,
Working life research unit
Publications results (567)

The post-pandemic recovery of Europe continued in 2023, with strong job creation despite subdued economic growth, against a background of rising geopolitical tension. Eurofound’s research over the year brought to light evidence on the key issues shaping the daily lives and work of Europeans.

02 May 2024

Ensuring greater social protection for self-employed people has been the subject of much policy debate in recent years. In 2019, the Council of the European Union adopted a recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. Sudden reductions in income during the COVID-1

30 January 2024

This report explores EU Member States’ legislation around the right to disconnect and assesses the impact of company policies in this area on employees’ hours of connection, working time, work–life balance, health and well-being, and overall workplace satisfaction.

30 November 2023

Using data from the European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 and building on a theoretical model that differentiates between job stressors and job resources, this report examines key psychosocial risks in the workplace and their impact on health.

23 November 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a diverse collection of workers ensured the functioning of our societies. In a time of crisis, they maintained access to healthcare, long-term care and other essential goods and services, including food, water, electricity, the internet and waste treatment.

10 October 2023

Le terme «travail hybride» a été popularisé avec la forte augmentation du télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, lorsque les entreprises et les salariés ont commencé à discuter des moyens d’organiser le travail après la crise. Le terme a été de plus en plus utilisé pour désigner les situations

25 May 2023

L’année 2022 a débuté sur fond d’optimisme prudent. Alors que l’Europe sortait de deux années de pandémie de COVID-19 et que, dans le cadre de NextGenerationEU, un plan pour la reprise visant à construire un avenir solide et durable était présenté, l’attaque menée par la Russie contre l’Ukraine au

04 May 2023

Le rapport explore des scénarios plausibles et imaginables examinant comment le télétravail et le travail hybride dans l’UE pourraient évoluer d’ici à 2035, et les implications pour le monde du travail. Dans quelle mesure les dirigeants et les salariés, les organisations patronales et les syndicats

28 April 2023

This paper presents an analytical summary of current academic and policy literature on the impact of climate change and policies to manage the transition to a carbon-neutral economy on four key domains: employment, working conditions, social dialogue and living conditions. It maps the main empirical

12 April 2023

Le présent rapport expose les recherches d’Eurofound sur le télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 en 2020 et 2021. Il examine les changements dans l’incidence du télétravail, les conditions de travail des salariés travaillant à domicile et les modifications de la réglementation portant sur les

08 December 2022

Online resources results (1778)
In this episode of Eurofound Talks Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Tina Weber about new research on the right to disconnect, the evolution of the right to disconnect in Europe, the reasons why legislative and procedural actions are being called for, the impacts that effective
15 avril 2024

Flexible work increases post-pandemic, but not for everyone

Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, various forms of flexible work, such as teleworking and flexitime, were in place across EU Member States. However, the pandemic led to a surge in flexible working practices with many workers wanting to focus on their work–life balance and have more time for

Eurofound presentation to the European Parliament Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound, 24 January 2023.

23 janvier 2023

The rise in cost of living and energy poverty: Social impact and policy responses. 14 October 2022, Informal Meeting of Employment and Social Affairs Ministers (EPSCO). Presentation by Ivailo Kalfin, Executive Director, Eurofound.

14 octobre 2022
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COVID-19 in the workplace: Employer’s responsibility to ensure a safe workplace

Throughout 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, specific occupational health and safety rules were reintroduced due to increases in infection rates. Mandatory face masks, physical distancing and hygiene measures were enforced, and the recommendation to telework was largely re-instated in

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Workers want to telework but long working hours, isolation and inadequate equipment must be tackled

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a surge in telework, with dramatic increases in the number of employees working from home (teleworking) in many European countries. What for many employees started out as a mandatory move seems to have transformed into a preference among the majority for part-time or

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Summer time arrangements in the EU: A tripartite outlook on ‘Cloxit’

On 31 March 2019, clocks across the EU will go forward one hour, a Union-wide event since 2002. However, the European Commission has proposed abolishing the bi-annual hour change, an idea favoured by the vast majority of respondents in a public consultation. This article discusses reactions by


Blogs results (61)
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Trade unions in many EU Member States face the issue of declining membership. This is a fundamental challenge for organised labour, but it is premature to speak about the redundancy unions: when it comes to important decisions affecting the workplace, restructuring being one, trade unions remain a

20 novembre 2019
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Much of the discussion on the future of work is focused on globalisation and technology, and their impacts on the labour market. However, there is also a growing interest in the business models used by cooperatives and social enterprises, and how they can contribute to a better future of work

15 novembre 2019
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It feels like every day there are new articles or blog posts about how Uber drivers are exploited, or on the bad working conditions and safety standards for Deliveroo riders. In an era of ‘fake news’ can we trust that these are accurate? They most likely are, and I agree that things are not all rosy

17 octobre 2019
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The European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work last year documented the case of a Dutch temporary work agency that hired workers of various nationalities to work for a construction company in Belgium. The wages were suspiciously low, and the Belgian Labour Inspectorate believed that EU law

17 juillet 2019
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The spread of ICT in the economy is changing both the types of jobs that employ people and the types of tasks that people perform in their jobs. The latest research on the content of work suggests that computerisation has boosted the proportion of jobs with social interaction at their core, while at

1 juillet 2019
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The votes have been cast, tallied and declared and we can now see the political landscape of the new European Parliament. It is a complex picture: there has been growth of far-right and populist parties, but well short of what was projected, and at the same time there has been a boost for pro

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Imagine you’re at work and something happens: you have to leave to visit a client, you have to go home to let in the plumber, or you have to collect the kids from school as the football training has just been cancelled. If you’re lucky, your employer gives you the flexibility to do this. If you’re

14 mai 2019
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Company restructuring may hit the headlines less in good times, but it remains a central experience in the working life of many. According to the most recent European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) data, just under one in three (30%) employees in the EU reported that restructuring had taken place

2 mai 2019
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Motivated workers have higher levels of engagement, better health and are able to work longer. Improving motivation at work is therefore a key component in meeting the challenges of Europe’s ageing workforce and improving the EU’s long-term competitiveness on a global scale. This means that

20 mars 2019
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After more than 60 years of European policy on the equal treatment of women and men, men still outnumber women in management positions by almost two to one. The women who do make it into management are more likely to be in non-supervising management roles where they manage operational

7 mars 2019

Upcoming publications results (3)

This policy brief investigates how organisations are adapting their work organisation and practices to hybrid work. Based on case studies and on data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, the policy brief examines how hybrid work is being managed in organisations and profiles t

April 2025

Over the last decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way employees work and communicate with each other. Despite the many benefits of digitalisation of work, the widespread access to digital devices in working life provides an alternative medium for new forms of a

September 2024

Workers will experience the effects of climate change in many ways: job insecurity, changes to their work tasks and responsibilities and changes in their workplaces that may involve different work practices and the development of new activities and products. Climate change is associated with higher

June 2024
Data results (1)

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